Sex allocation theory applied to hermaphrodites assumes that there is a trade off between the allocation of resources to male and female functions, within a fixed reproductive resource budget. Charnov's classic resource allocation model predicts a more female-biased sex allocation when competition among different sperm donors is low due to diminishing fitness returns for male investment. By man...

Prey can invest in a variety of defensive traits when balancing risk of predation against that of starvation. What remains unknown is the relative costs of different defensive traits and how prey reconcile investment into these traits when energetically limited. We tested the simple allocation model of prey defense, which predicts an additive effect of increasing predation risk and resource ava...

Resource allocation trade-offs arise when developing organs are in competition for a limited pool of resources to sustain growth and differentiation. Such competition may constrain the maximal size to which structures can grow and may force a situation in which the evolutionary elaboration of one structure may only be possible at the expense of another. However, recent studies have called into ...

Litter size is one of the most reliable state-dependent life-history traits that indicate parental investment in polytocous (litter-bearing) mammals. The tendency to optimize litter size typically increases with decreasing availability of resources during the period of parental investment. To determine whether this tactic is also influenced by resource limitations prior to reproduction, we exam...

Therefore, choosing to spend money on DM is truly an investment that is hypothesized to lead to a return at a later time. DM programs are designed to encourage prevention and regular monitoring of patients with chronic disease—which, in turn, is thought to improve health and consequently lower health care resource use. If the fees that states must pay to develop a DM program, or to hire a vendo...

— This report describes the process and benefits of a Monte-Carlo approach for analyzing uncertainty in an information security investment. The Monte-Carlo approach captures uncertainty in security modeling parameters (vulnerabilities, frequency of intrusion, damage estimates, etc) and expresses its impact on the model's forecast (e.g. projected benefit). The forecast is presented as a chart un...

It is widely believed that the promotion and development of high-tech industries by the Taiwanese government in the past two decades has been one of the most important factors that maintain Taiwan with an above-average rate of economic growth. However, investment on R&D activities and consequently the development of high-tech industries is usually inevitably accompanied by a promotion of energy...

An often-overlooked source of marine renewable energy is the energy available from salinity gradients. The potential resource for the osmotic pairing of fresh water and seawater is estimated at 2.6 TW. Several concepts have been proposed. Obviously, any scheme to desalinate seawater can be operated in reverse. Recent developments in pressureretarded osmosis, vapor compression, reverse dialysis ...

This review describes the advocacy efforts to mobilize resources for the campaign to vaccinate men and women aged 9-39 years, with a goal of eliminating rubella and congenital rubella syndrome in Guatemala. The country's investment in health has been historically low (0.9% of gross domestic product), and there has been a wide gap between the availability of economic resources and the need for e...