historically, the islamic state collected zakat (similar to the tithe of other regions) as national income. in indonesia, the private sector can raise zakat funds more effectively than the government. in 2010, zakat became tax-deductible income. this paper tries to analyze some factors that affect preference for zakat as a tax deduction in indonesia. the effectiveness of the regulation is also ...

This paper argues that rectificatory justice should supplement distributive justice in allocating priority of access to scarce medical resources. Where a patient is at fault for the scarcity of healthy organs a principle of restitution requires that she should give priority to the faultless. Such restitution is non-punitive, and is akin to reparation in civil law, not criminal law. However, it ...

Most descriptions of collision events introduce coefficients friction and tangential restitution which vary significantly with the impact angle, in contrast independence normal coefficient this parameter. A redefinition based on idea that effects can be treated as being mutually independent, provides a satisfactory description experimental data using ‘constant’ independent angle. This friction-...

We have demonstrated that rate dependent restitution and action potential duration-refractory period hysteresis can be reproduced in a one-dimensional two-variable Chernyak-Starobin-Cohen reaction-diffusion medium with variable excitation threshold. We show that restitution and hysteresis depend on the relationship between pacing period and steady state excitation threshold and also on the rate...

The present study was focused on identification of possible differences in the onset and time course of mechanical restitution in guinea pig multicellular heart preparations, i.e., papillary muscles from the right and left ventricles. Stimulated twitches of both preparations mounted in a horizontal perfusion bath were recorded simultaneously. Mechanical restitution curves were constructed at 25...