Our previous study has showed that restraint stress inhibits T cell proliferation. Kv1.3 plays a key role in the lymphocyte activation process. Here, we investigate the effects of restraint stress on murine splenic T and B cell proliferation and the role of Kv1.3 in the process. 3H-TdR incorporation is used to determine changes in splenocyte proliferation stimulated by Con A or LPS between cont...

Optimal performance of future adaptive restraint systems will require an accurate assessment of occupant characteristics including physical properties and pre-collision behavior of the occupant. This study is aimed at evaluating the sensitivity of frontal collision induced injuries to occupant state parameters: stature, mass, and pre-collision postural orientation. A numerically modeled restrai...

Acute release of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) during repeated restraint (3-h restraint on each of 3 days) causes temporary hypophagia but chronic suppression of body weight in rats. Here we demonstrated that a second bout of repeated restraint caused additional weight loss, but continuing restraint daily for 10 days did not increase weight loss because the rats adapted to the stress. In...

CONTEXT Despite calls for wider national implementation of an integrated approach to trauma care, the effectiveness of this approach at a regional or state level remains unproven. OBJECTIVE To determine whether implementation of an organized system of trauma care reduces mortality due to motor vehicle crashes. DESIGN Cross-sectional time-series analysis of crash mortality data collected for...

–The present study investigated the effects of 21 days of chronic restraint stress on neural and endocrine parameters in male and female rats. Consistent with previous results, repeated restraint stress induced apical dendritic atrophy (a decrease in the number of apical branch points and dendritic length) of the CA3c pyramidal neurons in male rats. In contrast, female rats did not show signifi...

BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to describe the frequency of mechanical restraint use in an acute psychiatric ward and to analyze which variables may have significantly influenced the use of this procedure. METHODS This retrospective study was conducted in the Servizio Psichiatrico di Diagnosi e Cura (SPDC) of Modena Centro. The following variables of our sample, represented by all r...

We examined whether non-enzymatic antioxidant defense systems are disrupted in the brain of rats with water-immersion restraint stress. When rats were exposed to water-immersion restraint stress for 1.5, 3 or 6 h, the brain had decreased ascorbic acid and reduced glutathione contents and increased lipid peroxide and nitric oxide metabolites contents at 3 h and showed further changes in these co...

We tested the hypothesis that environmental stress is a predisposing factor for liver injury by examining the effect of acute restraint on liver injury provoked by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) and allyl alcohol. Mice were immobilized using Plexiglas restraint cages, producing a form of psychogenic stress, whereas other animals were allowed to roam free. Serum alanine aminotransferase levels were...

This exploratory study used archived hospital data to investigate the relationships between the percentage of patients with physical restraints and the total fall rate as well as the injurious fall rate per 1000 patientdays. The two tested research questions were 1) What is the relationship between the restraint use rate and the total fall rate? 2) What is the relationship between the restraint...