OBJECTIVES Acyclic retinoid (ACR) is a synthetic retinoid with a high safety profile that has been pursued with high expectations for therapeutic use in prevention (recurrence) and treatment of malignancies. With the objective of addressing the therapeutic potential in the cardiovasculature, namely neointima formation, effects of ACR on neointima formation and the involved mechanisms were inves...

We describe a patient with severe pityriasis rubra pilaris in whom extensive extraspinal hyperostoses developed after 13 years of oral retinoid treatment. The most prominent abnormality was a bridging exostosis between the left acetabulum and collum. X-ray examinations of the spine during retinoid therapy showed no abnormalities. During oral retinoid treatment, it is important to ask the patien...

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is an aggressive disease with poor prognosis due to its high rate of recurrence after the initial curative treatment. Therefore, development of effective therapeutic strategies that can prevent recurrence and secondary tumor formation is required to improve the clinical outcomes of HCC patients. Malfunctioning of the retinoid X receptor-s (RXRs) of HCC patient by ...

The vertebrate central nervous system (CNS) is induced by signals emanating from the dorsal mesoderm, or organizer, that divert the ectoderm away from an epidermal and towards a neural fate. Additional signals from the organizer pattern the neural ectoderm along the anteroposterior axis. We devised highly specific methods utilizing constitutively active or dominant negative receptors to evaluat...

The bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and growth and differentiation factor (GDF) signaling pathways have well-established and essential roles within the developing skeleton in coordinating the formation of cartilaginous anlagen. However, the identification of bona fide targets that underlie the action of these signaling molecules in chondrogenesis has remained elusive. We have identified the ge...

BACKGROUND Nonmelanoma skin cancers are the most frequent malignancies in organ transplant patients. Patients who develop multiple new skin cancers may benefit from retinoid chemoprevention. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to advise on the use of retinoids in organ transplant recipients. METHODS A summary was performed of the existing literature regarding experience with retinoid ...

Neurological disease occurs frequently in HIV-infected individuals and may occur at even higher rates among infected drug users. Among the potential mechanisms that promote such impairment, retinoid deficiency may have selective effects that could both lead to alterations in immune function and enhanced replication of HIV. Studies are currently underway to examine the possible selective effects...

Continuous generation of visual chromophore through the visual (retinoid) cycle is essential to maintain eyesight and retinal heath. Impairments in this cycle and related pathways adversely affect vision. In this review, we summarize the chemical reactions of vitamin A metabolites involved in the retinoid cycle and describe animal models of associated human diseases. Development of potential th...

Retinoic acid (RA) has been proposed to be a direct regulator of HOX gene complexes. However, the molecular mechanism of the RA signaling pathway during normal development is unclear. We have identified an RA-responsive element in the promoter of HOXB1 gene composed of two functionally separable sites: (i) a DR-2 sequence, which is the direct target of the RA receptor retinoid X receptor hetero...