petitively, often forgetting orders from customers, and would have his employees to roast sesame too much without considering the size of the order. The family thought he seemed strange because he showed no anger when one of his employees, who had worked for him for more than 10 years, moved to a neighboring mill without telling him. His medical history was remarkable for a small infarction of ...

Memory consolidation is the process by which a newly formed and unstable memory transforms into a stable long-term memory. It is unknown whether the process of memory consolidation occurs exclusively by the stabilization of memory engrams. By employing learning-dependent cell labeling, we identified an increase of synaptic strength and dendritic spine density specifically in consolidated memory...

A 54 year old patient of average intelligence with a severe and enduring loss of old autobiographical memories after herpes simplex type 1 infection is described. She was tested with a comprehensive neuropsychological battery two years after the infection. Special emphasis was laid on examining different aspects of retrograde memory. The neurological examination involved MRI and SPECT. Brain da...

Functional retrograde amnesia (RA) is a rare pathology and has been rarely studied in detail across different patients. We extensively examined five functional RA patients and compared their neuropsychological profile including anterograde and retrograde memory performance, executive functions, emotional processing, and formally assessed psychiatric symptoms. Across patients, neuropsychological...

Emotional arousal can both enhance and impair memory. Considering that both emotional memory and trait anxiety (TA) have been associated with adrenergic activity, the authors investigated whether there is an association between 2 opposite emotional memory biases and the TA. The authors used a procedure recently put forward by B. A. Strange, R. Hurlemann, and R. J. Dolan (2003) to elicit an emot...

Two different measures of the retention of avoidance conditioning, frequently used in the investigation of retrograde anmesia (RA), were examined. Rats were given a single training trial on either passive or active avoidance in a conventional black-white discrimination apparatus and step•through latencies were recorded. Task sequence, footshock and hypothermia were experimentally varied across ...

Transient epileptic amnesia (TEA) is a specific type of temporal lobe seizure involving the hippocampus and the parahippocampal gyrus, which can be recognized with now published criteria. The etiology of TEA is still under debate and probably not unique. Apart from rare patients showing structural lesions on brain MRI, microvascular brain load and/or immune-mediated neuronal aggression have bee...