Sanctioning in the face of uncertainty has been investigated from the perspective of signaling models, in which an informed target sends a signal and the sanctioner decides to sanction or not. As the more powerful power, however, the sanctioner could take the lead rather than react to the action of the target. Borrowing from contract theory, I present a new approach to the sanctioning of a targ...

This article continues a series of publications the commented translation into Russian interpretation to Surah “al-Fatiha” (No. 1) by founder classical Muslim exegesis Muḥammad ibn Jarīr aṭ-Ṭabari (839–923) from book Jāmi‘ al-bayān fī ta’wīl al-Qur’ān (The Comprehensive Exposition Qur’ān). part contains sections devoted 1–3 ayats this surah. Based on examples pre-Islamic literature and traditio...

Privacy Concerns, Voluntary Disclosure of Information, and Unraveling: An Experiment by Volker Benndorf, Dorothea Kübler and Hans-Theo Normann* We study the voluntary revelation of private, personal information in a labor-market experiment with a lemons structure where workers can reveal their productivity at a cost. While rational revelation improves a worker's payout, it imposes a negative ex...

some of the islamic philosophers such as farabi and mulla sadra supporting the belief in sacred and divine revelation, began to give a philosophical explanation in the field. in philosophical explanation of revelation, revealed facts can be divided into two: general and particular, perceived respectively by the prophet`s intellect and imagination. both the philosophers when explaining divine re...