the monolithic catalytic converter is still the main pollution control device for modern vehicles in order to reach the ever-increasing legislative demands for low emission standards. the catalytic converters require a large expansion from the exhaust pipe to the front face of the monolith. unfortunately, packaging constraints often do not permit the use of long diffusers. hence, flow separatio...

Abstract A photovoltaic cell is related in nursing device. It converts energy of sunbeams directly into electricity by electrical process impact. Electrical phenomenon system could be a device that alternative current. Partial shading has high affect on system. Photovoltaic generates power which relies solar irradiance. The always affected the partial shaded So that, maximum cannot obtained eas...

In this paper, sliding mode control (SMC) for a bidirectional buck/boost DC-DC converter (BDC) with constant frequency in continuous conduction mode (CCM) is discussed. Since the converter is a high-order converter, the reduced-order sliding manifold is exploited. Because of right-half-plan zero (RHPZ) in the converter’s duty ratio to output voltage transfer function, sliding mode current...

In this paper, a generalized buck-boost Z-H converter based on switched inductors is proposed. This structure consists of a set of series connected switched-inductor cells. The voltage conversion ratio of the proposed structure is adjusted by changing the number of cells and the duty cycle. Like the conventional Z-H converter, the shoot-through switching state and the diode before LC network ar...

We treat the problem of analog integrated circuit (IC) obfuscation toward intellectual property (IP) protection against reverse engineering. Obfuscation is achieved by camouflaging effective geometry layout components via use fake contacts, which originally were proposed for gate in digital ICs. present a library obfuscated components, we give recommendations camouflaging, discuss foreseen atta...

in this paper, a new topology is proposed for three-phase to single-phase matrix converters, where more voltage levels are produced in the output in comparison with the conventional topologies. in addition, a new control method based on minimum error between the generated and the desired output voltages is proposed for three-phase to single-phase matrix converters. in the proposed control metho...

Z-Source converter or impedance-source converter is a kind of power converters, which has the responsibility to convert the direct current to alternative current. This converter with respect to its circuit diagram acts as a buck-boost converter except it doesn’t use from DC-DC converter bridge. Γ-source inverters are one of the conventional converters based on impedance-sources; which have been...