Designing incentive schemes for Peer-to-Peer (P2P) multimedia sharing applications, where the participating peers find it in their self-interest to contribute resources rather than to “free-ride”, is challenging due to the unique features exhibited by such networks: large populations of anonymous peers interacting infrequently, asymmetric interests of peers, network errors, multiple concurrent ...

Social norms surrounding sexuality, pregnancy, and childbearing may help guide women's health-related behaviors. In this study, we explore low-income women's perceptions of fertility-related norms by allowing women to describe their experiences with normative expectations. Semistructured interviews (n = 30) suggested that women in low-income subject positions articulate descriptive norms that g...

In countries where social insurance is generous, individuals endorse relatively weak work norms; however, weaker work norms are not associated with worse economic performance, neither at the country level nor at the individual level. I develop a model of endogenous work norms that rationalizes that evidence. Weak work norms do not harm labor productivity because they improve the allocation of i...

Researchers seeking to understand teen sexual behaviors often turn to age norms, but they are difficult to measure quantitatively. Previous work has usually inferred norms from behavioral patterns or measured group-level norms at the individual level, ignoring multiple reference groups. Capitalizing on the multilevel design of the Add Health survey, we measure teen pregnancy norms perceived by ...

Audiovisual translation, the same as other forms of intercultural communication, tends to intervene with the original in order to comply with the norms of the receiving culture. Since the Islamic Revolution of 1979, the Iranian cinema has resorted to a conservative approach wherein the portrayal of the role of women, among other cultural issues, has been controlled to adapt to the Islamic thoug...

Identifying specific aspects of peer social norms that influence adolescent substance use may assist international prevention efforts. This study examines two aggregated measures of social norms in the school setting and their predictive association with substance (alcohol, tobacco and marijuana) use 2 years later in a large cross-national population-based cohort of adolescents. The primary hyp...

literature is the reflection of a poet's mind and feelings affected by the world around him. the poet experiences and feels the incidents and expresses them in a language so as to make the reader share those feelings with him. a great part of persian literature is devoted to poets' resistance against attacks on national, human and cultural values. this study aims at examining tahereh ...

The article examines the nature of delinquency as a manifestation pathopsychological state society in conditions transformational changes. general background this relationship is visible weakening social norms and institutions regulating disciplining people’s behaviour through processes, which leads to denial authority existing provokes various forms deviant behaviour. Therefore, psychological ...

No-fault statutes changed divorce from an adversarial system pitting victims against victimizers, with the state acting as enforcer of marital norms, to a private decision between unhappily married but legally blameless partners. Divorce reform following no-fault primarily focused on making divorce more fair for the parties involved. Over the last several decades, divorce reform has transitione...

One way to build large-scale autonomous systems is to develop open peer-to-peer architectures in which peers are not pre-engineered to work together and in which peers themselves determine the social norms that govern collective behaviour. A major practical limitation to such systems is security because the very openness of such systems negates most traditional security solutions. We propose a ...