Clustered graph is a very useful model for drawing large and complex networks. This paper presents a new method for drawing clustered graphs in three dimensions. The method uses a divide and conquer approach. More specifically, it draws each cluster in a 2D plane to minimise occlusion and ease navigation. Then a 3D drawing of the whole graph is constructed by combining these 2D drawings. Our ma...

We measured the sensitivity, temporal frequency response, latency, and receptive field diameter of rod input to the H1 horizontal cell type in an in vitro preparation of the macaque retina. The H1 cell has both a cone-connected dendritic tree and a long axon-like process that terminates in a rod-connected arbor. We recorded from the H1 cell body where rod signals were distinguished by sensitivi...

Mutations in rod opsin, the archetypal G-protein-coupled receptor, cause retinitis pigmentosa. The majority of mutations, e.g. P23H, cause protein misfolding, resulting in ER retention, induction of the unfolded protein response and degradation by ERAD. If misfolded rod opsin escapes degradation, it aggregates and forms intracellular inclusions. Therefore, it is important to identify the chaper...

Rod pathways are a parallel set of synaptic connections which enable night vision by relaying and processing rod photoreceptor light responses. We use dim light stimuli to isolate rod pathway contributions to downstream light responses then characterize these contributions in knockout mice lacking rod transducin-α (Trα), or certain pathway components associated with subsets of rod pathways. The...

Artistic drawing is one of the disciplines fine arts; it art embellishing our spaces; a means for artist to express his thoughts and medium he uses provide viewer with reading society. The finds in an indispensable mode expression. Let us specify that “thought”, concept we refer this dissertation, concerns only artist’s intentions, vision world, interpretation social realities. Knowing expressi...

29 The retina responds to a wide range of light stimuli by adaptation of retinal signaling to 30 background light intensity and the use of two different photoreceptors: rods that sense dim light 31 and cones that sense bright light. Rods signal to rod bipolar cells that receive significant 32 inhibition from amacrine cells in the dark, especially from a rod bipolar cell activated 33 GABAergic a...

A threshold-like nonlinearity in signal transfer from mouse rod photoreceptors to rod bipolar cells dramatically improves the absolute sensitivity of the rod signals. The work described here reaches three conclusions about the mechanisms generating this nonlinearity. (1) The nonlinearity is caused primarily by saturation of the feedforward rod-to-rod bipolar synapse and not by feedback from hor...

We determined how rod signaling at mesopic light levels is altered by extrinsic temporal white noise that is correlated or uncorrelated with the activity of one (magnocellular, parvocellular, or koniocellular) postreceptoral pathway. Rod and cone photoreceptor excitations were independently controlled using a four-primary photostimulator. Psychometric (Weibull) functions were measured for incre...

Rod photoreceptors contribute to vision over an ∼ 6-log-unit range of light intensities. The wide dynamic range of rod vision is thought to depend upon light intensity-dependent switching between two parallel pathways linking rods to ganglion cells: a rod → rod bipolar (RB) cell pathway that operates at dim backgrounds and a rod → cone → cone bipolar cell pathway that operates at brighter backg...