We prove the following results: (i) PV proves NP ⊆ P/poly iff PV proves coNP ⊆ NP/O(1). (ii) If PV proves NP ⊆ P/poly then PV proves that the Polynomial Hierarchy collapses to the Boolean Hierarchy. (iii) S2 proves NP ⊆ P/poly iff S 1 2 proves coNP ⊆ NP/O(log n). (iv) If S2 proves NP ⊆ P/poly then S 1 2 proves that the Polynomial Hierarchy collapses to P[log n]. (v) If S2 proves NP ⊆ P/poly the...

The images for Figures 1 and 2 are incorrectly switched. The image that appears as Figure 1 should be Figure 2, and the image that appears as Figure 2 should be Figure 1. The figure legends appear in the correct order. In the section entitled “Validation of RNA-Seq”, S2 Fig should be referenced instead of S1 Fig. Additionally, the files linked to S1 Fig and the file linked to S2 Fig are incorre...

Let (S*, k(S2)) be a knot formed by spinning a polyhedral arc a. about the standard 2-sphere S" in the 3-sphere S3. Then the second homotopy group of S"—k(S2) as a Z^-module is isomorphic to each of the following: (1) The fundamental ideal modulo the left ideal generated by a—\, where a is the image in ■¡r1(Si—k(S2)) of a generator of (2) The first homology group of the kernel of ^(SP-hiS1))-* ...

We extend the theory about terminological default reasoning using a logical base language that can be used to represent spatioterminological phenomena. Based on the description logic ALCRP(S2) the paper discusses how to implement an algorithm for computing extensions of a world description consisting of ALCRP(S2) assertions and a set of closed ALCRP(S2) Reiter-style default rules.

The spike (S) protein of murine coronavirus JHMV, variant cl-2, comprises two polypeptides, N-terminal S1 (with an N-terminal signal peptide) and C-terminal S2 (with a C-terminal transmembrane domain). In order to express these subunits, we constructed three different vaccinia virus transfer vectors (VV-TVs) containing cDNAs encoding the S1 protein without a transmembrane domain (pSFS1utt), the...

Respiratory perception can be altered by changes in emotional or psychological states. This may be due to affective (i.e., anxiety) modulation of respiratory sensory gating. Nicotine withdrawal induces elevated anxiety and decreased somatosensory gating. Respiratory sensory gating is evidenced by decreased amplitude of the respiratory-related evoked potentials (RREP) N(1) peak for the second oc...

BACKGROUND Advances in techniques have left very few indications for open surgical extraction of urinary stones currently. These advances notwithstanding, the search continues for medical approaches to urinary stone management. In this study, we perform an in vitro study analyzing the efficiency and prospect of two new complex solutions in urological calcium phosphate calculi dissolution. MET...

A language in which we can express arithmetic and which contains its own satisfaction predicate (in the style of Kripke’s theory of truth) can be formulated using just two nonlogical primitives: ′ (the successor function) and Sat (a satisfaction predicate). Let L be a language with vocabulary: , ( ) ∃ ¬ ∨ = ′ Sat plus the variables x0, x1, x2, . . .. A term is a variable followed by zero or mor...

We studied the neural substrates of higher-order conditioned fear in rats. We first studied acquisition and extinction of second-order fear. One stimulus (S1) was paired with a footshock unconditioned stimulus (US), a second stimulus (S2) was paired with S1, and, finally, fear of S2 was extinguished by S2 alone exposures. Reversible inactivation of the basolateral amygdala (BLA) via muscimol, s...