Seasonal affective disorder (SAD), winter type, is a condition characterized by the annual recurrence of depressive episodes during fall/winter, alternating with spring/summer euthymia or hypomania. Various neurotransmitters have been implicated in the etiology of SAD, the strongest evidence involving serotonin. Recently, increasing attention has been paid to the potential role of catecholamine...

OBJECTIVE The present study seeks to extend research on the etiology of separation anxiety disorder (SAD) in a German-speaking sample by examining differences between children with SAD and healthy comparisons, using a retrospective-reporting paradigm. METHOD The sample included 106 children with SAD and 44 healthy children between the ages of 4 and 14 years. Parents completed questionnaires a...

The impact of bolus ingestion and level of consciousness on swallowing apnea duration (SAD) in healthy term infants has not been adequately explored despite the likely contribution of swallowing apnea to upper airway protection against aspiration. SAD during wakefulness, sleep, and feeding (breast or bottle) of 10 term infants was measured 10 times from birth to 1 year of age. Nineteen thousand...

A hedonic theory of music and sadness is proposed. Some listeners report that nominally sad music genuinely makes them feel sad. It is suggested that, for these listeners, sad affect is evoked through a combination of empathetic responses to sad acoustic features, learned associations, and cognitive rumination. Among those listeners who report sad feelings, some report an accompanying positive ...

This review summarizes research on the chronobiology and neurobiology of winter seasonal affective disorder (SAD), a recurrent subtype of depression characterized by a predictable onset in the fall/winter months and spontaneous remission in the spring/summer period. Chronobiological mechanisms related to circadian rhythms, melatonin, and photoperiodism play a significant role in many cases of S...

BACKGROUND Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is a seasonally recurrent type of major depression. This predictable aspect makes it promising for preventive treatment. However, evidence for the efficacy and harm of preventive treatment of SAD is scarce, as are recommendations from clinical practice guidelines. The aim of this study was to assess the current use of preventive treatment of SAD in c...

The effects of age, gender, bolus volume, and trial on swallowing apnea duration (SAD) and swallow/respiratory phase relationships were examined. Sixty adults, comprised of ten males and ten females in each of three age groups (i.e., 20 to 39, 40 to 59, and 60 to 83 years), participated. SAD was assessed via nasal airflow during saliva swallows and 10, 15, 20, 25 ml bolus volumes across three t...

BACKGROUND Since its first definition in the literature, schizoaffective disorder (SAD) has raised a considerable controversy regarding its clinical distinction from schizophrenia (SCH) and mood disorders (MD) as well as its validity as an independent nosological category. OBJECTIVE Investigate the validity of SAD as a discrete nosological category and its relationship with SCH and MD. METH...

At present, our knowledge about seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is based mainly up on clinical symptoms, epidemiology, behavioral characteristics and light therapy. Recently developed measures of resting-state functional brain activity might provide neurobiological markers of brain disorders. Studying functional brain activity in SAD could enhance our understanding of its nature and possible ...

no doupt that the qur'anic expression contains secrets and aesthetics and artistic touches and images which show that the quran art intended to support this opinion that it isn’t people speech. so, this research is going to study sura «sad» using a stylistic approach, which focuses on data general linguistic and deals with the role of image and music sounds  and vocabularies in  sura, and ...