Water, sanitation and hygiene are all key aspects to a healthy environment but often they suffer from a lack of coherence within the sector itself and also a lack of synergy with the health sector. This is not acceptable given one quarter of all child deaths are directly attributable to water-borne disease. This lack of synergy is evident at many different layers including planning, resource al...

Introduction All nations are striving for development. Economic development is one of the main parts of development process, but not all of it. Populations health is one of the main factors of economic development, and child’s mortality is one of the main factors of population health status. The aim of this study is investigating the role of socioeconomic disparties in under 5 mortality in East...

Public health centers (PHCs, hokenjo in Japanese) are local government authorities responsible for public health in Japan. As of 2010, 494 centers were operating under the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan. While the general rule is that one PHC covers 300,000 inhabitants, several centers cover a population of more than 1 million. The roles of PHCs described in the Community Healt...

Waterborne diseases are a major public health problem in many countries of the world including Ethiopia. Waterborne diseases are caused by viruses, bacteria, protozoa, helminthes, and fungi. Currently, about 1.1 billion people in the world drink unsafe water, which is responsible for millions of cases of waterborne diseases. Ascariasis is among the several parasites which is widely prevalent he...

Initiatives to address the unmet needs of those facing both poverty and serious illness have expanded significantly over the past decade. But many of them are designed in an ad-hoc manner to address one health problem among many; they are too rarely assessed; best practices spread slowly. When assessments of delivery do occur, they are often narrow studies of the cost-effectiveness of a single ...

Centralized water infrastructure has, over the last century, brought safe and reliable drinking to much of world. But climate change, combined with aging underfunded infrastructure, is increasingly testing limits of—and reversing gains made by—this approach. To address these growing strains gaps, we must assess advance alternatives centralized provision sanitation. The literature rife examples ...