Hyperexcitable reflex blinks are a cardinal sign of Parkinson's disease. The first step in the circuit linking the basal ganglia and brainstem reflex blink circuits is the inhibitory nigrostriatal pathway (Basso et al., 1996). The current study reports the circuits linking the superior colliculus (SC) to trigeminal reflex blink circuits. Microstimulation of the deep layers of the SC suppresses ...

We used the short-circuit current (I(sc)) technique to investigate the effects of the isoflavone genistein on the electrogenic Cl(-) secretion of the mouse jejunum. Genistein stimulated a sustained increase in I(sc) that was dose dependent. Bumetanide inhibited 76 +/- 5% of the genistein-stimulated I(sc) consistent with activation of Cl(-) secretion. Genistein failed to stimulate I(sc) followin...

OBJECTIVE To establish a stable PrP(Sc) panel from brain tissues of experimental hamsters infected with scrapie agent 263K for evaluating diagnostic techniques of human and animals' prion diseases. METHODS Thirty brain tissue samples from hamsters intracerebrally infected with scrapie strain 263K and another 30 samples from normal hamsters were selected to prepare 10%, 1%, and 0.5% brain homo...

Synthetic cannabinoids (SC), cannabinoid 1 and cannabinoid 2 receptors agonists, are the psychoactive substances. SC was originally produced to treat medical conditions. Compared to other narcotics, SC is easier to obtain, cheap, and highly potent and has a long half-life. In addition, routine analysis does not detect SC, which has led to widespread use. A case is presented that manic episode w...

In this paper, we review some basic definitions and properties of FIR filters. We also discusses different types of realizations of digital FIR filters and their uses in some typical applications. We then present some basic building blocks for SC filters. Of particular interest are static and dynamic memory SC circuits, based on SC integrators. These building blocks are the basis for many types...

By Chee Sing Lee, Sharad Nagappa, Narcis Palomeras, Daniel E. Clark, and Joaquim Salvi An Underwater Vehicle Application T he random finite-set formulation for multiobject estimation provides a means of estimating the number of objects in cluttered environments with missed detections within a unified probabilistic framework. This methodology is now becoming the dominant mathematical framework w...

A cascade of neuronal signals precedes each saccadic eye movement to targets in the visual scene. In the cerebral cortex, this neuronal processing culminates in the frontal eye field (FEF), where neurons have bursts of activity before the saccade. This presaccadic activity is typically considered to drive downstream activity in the intermediate layers of the superior colliculus (SC), which rece...

The conformation of abnormal prion protein (PrP(Sc)) differs from that of cellular prion protein (PrP(C)), but the precise characteristics of PrP(Sc) remain to be elucidated. To clarify the properties of native PrP(Sc), we attempted to generate novel PrP(Sc)-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) by immunizing PrP-deficient mice with intact PrP(Sc) purified from bovine spongiform encephalopathy ...

PURPOSE To compare three methods of Schlemm's canal (SC) cross-sectional area (CSA) measurement. METHODS Ten eyes (10 healthy volunteers) were imaged three times using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (Cirrus HD-OCT, Zeiss, Dublin, California, USA). Aqueous outflow vascular structures and SC collector channel ostia were used as landmarks to identify a reference location within the...

Satellite cells (SC) are essential for skeletal muscle growth and repair. Because sarcopenia is associated with type II muscle fiber atrophy, we hypothesized that SC content is specifically reduced in the type II fibers in the elderly. A total of eight elderly (E; 76 +/- 1 yr) and eight young (Y; 20 +/- 1 yr) healthy males were selected. Muscle biopsies were collected from the vastus lateralis ...