Staphylococal enterotoxins (SE) bind with high affinity to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II proteins and stimulate large number of T cells via the Vbeta region of the T-cell receptor (TCR). To map the epitopes of SE type A (SEA) involved in MHC binding and cell proliferation, 20 specific anti-SEA monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) and two large glutathione S-transferase fusion proteins...

T HE effects of administering sea water and similar solutions to animals, and occasionally to human beings, have been studied sporadically. Semipopular accounts of the gross effects of the drinking of sea water by shipwreck victims exist (I). During World War II the torpedoing of ships at sea and the loss of planes over open ocean, setting survivors adrift in lifeboats and on rafts, gave impetu...

Accurate circum-Antarctic sea-ice thickness is urgently required to better understand the different sea-ice cover evolution in both polar regions. Satellite radar and laser altimetry are currently the most promising tools for sea-ice thickness retrieval. We present qualitative inter-comparisons of winter and spring circum-Antarctic sea-ice thickness computed with different approaches from Ice C...

The bacterial superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) A (SEA) directs cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) expressing particular sequences of the T-cell receptor (TCR) beta chain to lyse tumor cells expressing major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules, which serve as receptors for SEs. We now report that chemical conjugates of SEA and the colon carcinoma-reactive monoclonal antib...

The transforming gene product of the S13 avian erythroblastosis virus, env-sea, is a member of the growth factor receptor class of tyrosine kinases. The env-sea precursor protein gp155env-sea is proteolytically processed into the mature cleavage products gp85env and gp70env-sea, which are subsequently terminally glycosylated and transported to the cell surface. Previous studies have shown that ...

This study was performed to investigate the inhibitory effects of 16 different plant-derived polyphenols on the toxicity of staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA). Plant-derived polyphenols were incubated with the cultured Staphylococcus aureus C-29 to investigate the effects of these samples on SEA produced from C-29 using Western blot analysis. Twelve polyphenols (0.1-0.5 mg/mL) inhibited the int...

The ecological and conservation status of the geographically isolated Black Sea harbour porpoise is currently unknown. Although it has been suggested that Black Sea harbour porpoises are distinct from other populations, the implementation of specific conservation plans has been hindered by the absence of a genetic and morphological study with large sample sizes. We sought to test the hypothesis...

Coarse sea salt particles are emitted ubiquitously from the ocean surface by wave-breaking and bubblebursting processes. These particles impact the atmospheric chemistry by affecting the condensation of gas-phase species and, thus, indirectly the nucleation of new fine particles, particularly in regions with significant air pollution. In this study, atmospheric particle concentrations are model...

Arctic sea ice thickness is thought to be an important predictor of Arctic sea ice extent. However, coupled seasonal forecast systems do not generally use sea ice thickness observations in their initialization and are therefore missing a potentially important source of additional skill. To investigate how large this source is, a set of ensemble potential predictability experiments with a global...

The satellite record since 1979 shows downward trends in Arctic sea ice extent in all months, which are smallest in winter and largest in September. Previous studies have linked changes in winter atmospheric circulation, anomalously cold extremes and large snowfalls in mid-latitudes to rapid decline of Arctic sea ice in the preceding autumn. Using observational analyses, we show that the winter...