As the artificial defenses often required for urban and industrial development, such as seawalls, breakwaters, bund walls, directly replace natural habitats, they may produce population fragmentation a disruption of ecological connectivity, compromising delivery ecosystem services. Such problems have increasingly been addressed through “Working with Nature” (WwN) techniques, wherein features sp...

Around the world, coastal urbanization continues to replace natural marine habitats with engineered structures, resulting in wholesale changes shallow-water ecosystems and associated socioecological impacts. This process is expected continue over coming decades. The development of meaningful strategies minimize future impacts requires an understanding rate at which ‘coastal hardening’ will take...

Shorelines at the interface of marine, estuarine and terrestrial biomes are among the most degraded and threatened habitats in the coastal zone because of their sensitivity to sea level rise, storms and increased human utilization. Previous efforts to protect shorelines have largely involved constructing bulkheads and seawalls which can detrimentally affect nearshore habitats. Recently, efforts...

In the last few decades, hard coastal protection structures, such as seawalls and groynes, have become increasingly commonplace around world. Conventionally, effects of structures been considered within a modernist framework that evaluates degree human control over land–sea interface. However, this dominant viewpoint overlooks central role sea defences play in ongoing production communities, pa...

The shoreline of Malaysia is exposed to threats coastal erosion and a rise sea level. National Coastal Erosion Study, 2015 reported that 15% an 8840 km currently eroding, where one-third those falls under the critical significant categories require structural protection. Study Sea Level Rise in Malaysia, 2017 presented sea-level increase 0.67–0.74 mm on average yearly. This study reviewed selec...

The development along the coastal zone has led to host of problems such as erosion, siltation, flooding, loss resources and destruction fragile marine habitats. erosion threatens zone, which affects people's economic, tourist, recreational life. main reason is due Khan Younis breakwater sea waves working on empty beachy sand, thereby flooding scouring area it ebbs removing part unconsolidated s...