While listening plays an important role in the process of foreign/second language learning, different factors can affect this process. This study was designed to assess the relationship between listening anxiety and metacognitive strategy awareness with a special interest in the role of gender and proficiency level. In order to conduct this survey, two instruments including the Metacognitive Aw...

Students can be proactive and engaged or, alternatively, lack initiative and responsibility for their learning. Self-regulated learning involves learning strategies and mental processes that learners deliberately engage to help themselves learn and perform better academically. The results of this study provide empirical support for the theoretical relationships among cognitive evaluation theory...

Abstract Metacognitive skills are often considered domain-general, therefore they have the potential to transfer across domains, subjects, and tasks. However, of metacognitive seldomly occurs spontaneously. Schuster et al., (2020) showed that training can beneficial effects on spontaneous near far skills. evidence skill resulting in superior acquisition content knowledge is pending. In present ...

Biological evolution gives rise to self-organizing phenomena. Inspired by this theory, directed variation is added to the ( , ) evolution strategies (ES) algorithm and it is called directed variation ES (DVES). In DVES, some neighboring individuals in the population mutate correlatively according to the distribution of the whole population. Experimental results showed that, with the same number...

The evolution strategy with neighborhood attraction (EN) is a new combination of self-organizing maps (SOM) and evolution strategies (ES). It adapts the neighborhood relationship known from SOM to ES individuals to concentrate them around the optimum of the problem. In this paper, detailed investigations on the in uence of one of the most important EN-operators { the neighborhood attraction { w...