http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2014.03.027 0003-3472/ 2014 The Association for the Study of A Prior contest experiences can predictably alter an individual’s contest performance and probability of contest success. Although winner and loser effects have been well studied across many animal taxa, the mechanisms underlying these effects and their adaptive value currently are topics of intense...

Democracy endures only if it self-enforcing. It is not a contract because there are no third parties to enforce it. To survive, democracy must be an equilibrium at least for those political forces which can overthrow it: given that others respect democracy, each must prefer it over the feasible alternatives. Without getting mired in de...nitional discussions, here is how democracy works: (for a...

Conflict resolution of familiar opponents was compared to that of unfamiliar ones in Xiphophorus helleri males. Under the Familiar condition, the two males which met had settled a contest against each other in a previously staged encounter in another aquarium. Thus one opponent was the previously dominant pair member, the other its previously subordinate. Under the Unfamiliar condition, two mal...

We customize the aggregative game approach to oligopoly to study asymmetric media markets. Advertiser, platform, and consumer surplus are tied together by a simple summary statistic. When media are ad-financed and ads are a nuisance to consumers we establish see-saws between consumers and advertisers. Entry of a lower-quality platform increases consumer surplus, but decreases advertiser surplus...