Human immunodeficiency virus is a blood borne and being routinely screened in the banks since 1983. The sensitivity specificity of HIV tests have improved dramatically over years, but even then, false positive results do occur, which need confirmatory testing. A young male who arrived at Armed Forces Institute Transfusion (AFIT), Rawalpindi, for donation, was repeatedly “positive” on serologica...

helicobacter pylori (h.pylori) is the most common human infection in the world. this agent has a strong role in pathogenesis of chronic gastritis and peptic ulcers. therefore introducing of simple and cost effective and non invasive tests are important for diagnosis of h.pylori infections. in this study 215 patient suffering from different gastrointestinal disorders referred to gi endoscopy dep...

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the new coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in early December 2019, Wuhan city, capital city of Hubei Province. This virus spread easily and rapidly worldwide. A lot serology testing for COVID-19 are now available, very powerful tools to understand immune response SARS-CoV-2, vaccine efficacy, hard immun...

BACKGROUND Non-invasive tools for gastric cancer screening and diagnosis are lacking. Serological testing with the detection of pepsinogen 1 (PG1), pepsinogen 2 (PG2) and gastrin 17 (G17) offers the possibility to detect preneoplastic gastric mucosal conditions. Aim of this study was to assess the performance of these serological tests in the presence of gastric neoplasia. METHODS Histologica...

OBJECTIVES To determine acceptance, completion rates and immunogenicity of the standard vaccination schedule for hepatitis A (HAV) and B (HBV) in persons subject to homelessness. METHODS A convenience sample of clients (n=201) attending a medical clinic for homeless and disadvantaged persons in Sydney was enrolled. Serological screening for HAV and HBV was undertaken. An appropriate vaccinati...