Pervasive or ubiquitous computing has become an aspiration of the computing community in the last 15 years. Its vision, pioneered by Mark Weiser [1], is that populations of computing entities—hardware and software—will become an effective part of our environment, performing tasks that support our broad purposes without our continual direction, thus allowing us to be largely unaware of them. The...

The most deliberate part of first-language teaching is the business of telling a child what each thing is called. We ordinarily speak of the name of a thing as if there were just one, but in fact, of course, every referent has many names. The dime in my pocket is not only a dime. It is also money, a metal object, a thing, and, moving to subordinates, it is a 1952 dime, in fact a particular 1952...

Spam is commonly defined as unsolicited email messages, and the goal of spam filtering is to eliminate these messages. In this paper, we argue that not all unsolicited email messages are useless to recipients, and dropping all unsolicited messages is not optimal for either the recipient or the sender. Increasing the sender’s cost (with stamps, puzzles or tarpits) has been another approach aimed...

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This paper explores the political economy of fiscal policy in the German Länder, testing several theories from the cross-national literature on budget deficits along with some additional hypotheses relating to the incentives created by the German federal system. The results suggest that governments controlled by the left spend and borrow more in the long run than right-wing governments, though ...

The article describes the recent standardisation initiatives for packet reordering metrics in IP networks, the methods of measuring it and also provides a discussion of the common factors affecting ordered packet delivery, based on real examples.

‎let $r$ be a commutative ring with non-zero identity. ‎we describe all $c_3$‎- ‎and $c_4$-free intersection graph of non-trivial ideals of $r$ as well as $c_n$-free intersection graph when $r$ is a reduced ring. ‎also, ‎we shall describe all complete, ‎regular and $n$-claw-free intersection graphs. ‎finally, ‎we shall prove that almost all artin rings $r$ have hamiltonian intersection graphs. ...

let $k$ be a field of characteristic$p>0$, $k[[x]]$, the ring of formal power series over $ k$,$k((x))$, the quotient field of $ k[[x]]$, and $ k(x)$ the fieldof rational functions over $k$. we shall give somecharacterizations of an algebraic function $fin k((x))$ over $k$.let $l$ be a field of characteristic zero. the power series $finl[[x]]$ is called differentially algebraic, if it satisfies...