Unlike frequent price promotions, a publicly announced permanent price cut is more likely to cause consumers to strategically shift their decision rules to adapt to the new pricing regime. Research is needed to (1) study whether permanent price cuts cause consumer preference to shift over time; (2) examine how the price cuts affect consumer choices in the short and long run; (3) examine the dif...

Since 1983 the US Central Intelligence Agency has defined terrorism as “premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by subnational groups or clandestine agents, usually intended to influence an audience.” Compared to the many dangers facing the US today, the threat of terrorism is relatively small. Nonetheless, at nearly all levels of US society the res...

We investigate the complexity of the tree share model of Dockins et al., which is used to reason about shared ownership of resources in concurrent programs. We obtain the precise Berman complexity for the first-order theory of the Boolean algebra of tree shares with constants, which is STA(∗, 2 O(1) , n)-complete. For the first-order theory over the “relativization” multiplication operator on t...

We investigate the complexity of the tree share model of Dockins et al., which is used to reason about shared ownership of resources in e.g. concurrent programs. We obtain the precise complexity for first-order theory of the full Boolean algebra of tree shares (that is, with all tree-share constants) which is the same as first-order theory of countably atomless Boolean algebras (that is, where ...

The monophthongization of /ay/ in the Southern United States is disfavored by following voiceless consonants (PRICE) relative to voiced or word-final environments (PRIZE). If monophthongization is the trigger for the Southern Shift (Labov, 2010) and chain shifts operate as predicted by a modular feedforward phonological theory (cf. Bermúdez-Otero, 2007), this implies PRICE and PRIZE must be two...

abstract: on december 2010, the government of iran ended the decades-long subsidy program for bread and energy products and launched the targeted subsidy reform program that considerably raised prices of food products. the objective of the study was to measure welfare impacts of food price changes on iranian urban households between two survey data of 2009/10 and 2011/12 which were taken from i...