The acceleration of energetic charged particles at relativistic and nonrelativistic shock waves plays an important role in powering esztablished and potential cosmic TeV-gamma-ray sources as supernova remnants, jets of active galactic nuclei and gamma-ray bursts. We therefore review some recent results on non-relativistic shock acceleretion and describe the current standing of the theory for re...

A new method to measure shock wave unsteadiness is presented. Time-resolved visualizations of the flow field under investigation are obtained using a high-speed schlieren optical system and the motion of the shock wave is determined by means of digital image processing. Information on the shock's unsteadiness is subsequently derived with Fourier analysis. A sample study on shock unsteadiness in...

It is proposed that shock wave dynamics within the gas of a small bubble explain sonoluminescence, the emission of visible radiation. As the bubble radius oscillates, shock waves develop from spherical sound waves created inside the gas bubble. As any such shock propagates toward the center, it strengthens and, upon convergence and subsequent reflection, temperature of gas inside bubble increas...

This report describes how using the Navier-Stokes equations to numerically calculate a shock wave will more accurately depict a realistic and observed shock wave. Earlier related inviscid shock capturing studies that have attempted to numerically calculate the shock wave and downstream field surrounding a blunt body re-entering the atmosphere have exhibited an instability known as the carbuncle...

Results The search strategy yielded 22 studies whose methodological quality rated between 2 and 12 out of 14 on a Modified PEDro rating scale. Studies were grouped by their primary intervention (eccentric exercise, shock wave therapy, ultrasound, night splints and other conservative management options). Follow up times were predominantly within three months. A meta-analysis was able to be perfo...

PURPOSE We investigated the clinical and physiological effect of low intensity extracorporeal shock wave therapy on men with organic erectile dysfunction who are phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor responders. MATERIALS AND METHODS After a 1-month phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor washout period, 67 men were randomized in a 2:1 ratio to receive 12 sessions of low intensity extracorporeal shoc...

!i£l AJBS'JrRA CT Shock wave therapy is a relatively new treatment of foot and ankle pain. An acoustic sound wave similar to one used for lithotripsy can cause a hyperanalgesia effect reducing pain and can cause breakdown and neovascularization of c1u'onically damaged tissue. T1u'ee commercial sources are available for musculoskeletal applications. To date, the treatment seams to be effective f...

When extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) was administered to the equine metacarpus/ metatarsus, there was subperiosteal and subendosteal hemorrhage, but no microfractures were detected. No damage to the surrounding soft tissues was detected. The principle of ESWT and the acute effects of ESWT on equine bone and soft tissue are explained. Authors’ Addresses: Department of Veterinary Clinica...