Signal transduction is an important and basic mechanism to cell life activities. The stochastic state transition of receptor induces the release signaling molecular, which triggers other receptors. It constructs a nonlinear sigaling network, leads robust switchlike properties are critical biological function. Network architectures transitions affect performance this network. In work, we perform...

Functional immune responses evolve through an exquisitely controlled process integrating signals from activating and inhibitory receptors on the immune cell surface. These complex interactions, which regulate both the quality and magnitude of the ultimate response, depend crucially on two short, loosely conserved motifs found in the intracellular domain of various signaling proteins. These moti...

The transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) family of growth factors control the development and homeostasis of most tissues in metazoan organisms. Work over the past few years has led to the elucidation of a TGF-β signal transduction network. This network involves receptor serine/threonine kinases at the cell surface and their substrates, the SMAD proteins, which move into the nucleus, where they...

Most prokaryotic signal-transduction systems and a few eukaryotic pathways use phosphotransfer schemes involving two conserved components, a histidine protein kinase and a response regulator protein. The histidine protein kinase, which is regulated by environmental stimuli, autophosphorylates at a histidine residue, creating a high-energy phosphoryl group that is subsequently transferred to an ...