Emerging line research showed that silk nanoparticles (NPs) have toxicity on the fibroblastand Huvec cells without any toxicity recognized mechanisms. Recently, it suggested peripheralarterial disease confounds almost eight million Americans. Also, due to the main effect offibroblast in a production of extracellular matrix (ECM), adhesive molecules, glycoproteinsand various cytokines, it decide...

Cell-to cell communication occurs via a signaling pathway referred to as quorum sensing. There are four main types of these systems according to the chemical nature of signal molecules used by microorganisms to elicit expression of target genes in response to environmental stimuli or need of microbial communities. Type I system acts by using acyl homoserine lactones as signals to trigger the ex...

background: type-i diabetes is an autoimmune inflammatory disease in which pancreatic ß-cells are selectively destroyed by infiltrating cells. tnf-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (trail) is a type-ii membrane protein of the tnf superfamily which is expressed in different tissues, including pancreas and lymphocytes. in humans, trail interacts with four membrane receptors. trail-r1 and trail-r2...

Abstract Sphingolipids (lipids with a sphingoid base backbone) are important components of eukaryotic membrane systems and key signaling molecules that essential for controlling cellular homeostasis, acclimating to stress, regulating plant immunity. Studies using sphingolipid treatments, measuring sphingolipids in infected plants, functionally studying biosynthetic mutants demonstrated particip...

Carotenoids are isoprenoid compounds synthesized by all photosynthetic and some non-photosynthetic organisms. They essential for photosynthesis contribute to many other aspects of a plant's life. The oxidative breakdown carotenoids gives rise the formation diverse family metabolites called apocarotenoids. This metabolic process either takes place spontaneously through reactive oxygen species or...