OBJECTIVE To evaluate and compare the success rates of simple and layered repairs of urethrocutaneous fistulae after hypospadias repair. PATIENTS AND METHODS The charts of 72 children who developed fistulae after hypospadias repair were reviewed; 39 had a simple closure of the fistula, whereas 32 had a 'pants over vest' repair, in all cases after excluding an impairment of urine outflow. RE...

The notion of computability closure has been introduced for proving the termination of the combination of higher-order rewriting and beta-reduction. It is also used for strengthening the higher-order recursive path ordering. In the present paper, we study in more details the relations between the computability closure and the (higher-order) recursive path ordering. We show that the first-order ...

Type systems hide data that is captured by function closures in function types. In most cases this is a beneficial design that enables simplicity and compositionality. However, some applications require explicit information about the data that is captured in closures. This paper introduces open closure types, that is, function types that are decorated with type contexts. They are used to track ...

Gap-deenability and the gap-closure operator were deened in FFK91]. Few complexity classes were known at that time to be gap-deenable. In this paper, we give simple characterizations of both gap-deenability and the gap-closure operator, and we show that many complexity classes are gap-deenable, including P #P , P #P1] , PSPACE, EXP, NEXP, MP, and BP P. If a class is closed under union, intersec...

Second-order closure models for the canopy sublayer (CSL) employ a set of closure schemes developed for ‘free-air’ flow equations and then add extra terms to account for canopy related processes. Much of the current research thrust in CSL closure has focused on these canopy modifications. Instead of offering new closure formulations here, we propose a new mixing length model that accounts for b...

purpose: to evaluate the effect of phacoemulsification and posterior chamber intraocular lens (pciol) implantation on intraocular pressure (iop) in eyes with chronic angle-closure glaucoma. methods: twenty-two patients with chronic angle-closure glaucoma (cacg) and visually significant cataract were included in our study. all were underwent phacoemulsification and pciol implantation. iop, depth...

The downward closure of a word language is the set of all (not necessarily contiguous) subwords of its members. It is well-known that the downward closure of any language is regular. While the downward closure appears to be a powerful abstraction, algorithms for computing a finite automaton for the downward closure of a given language have been established only for few language classes. This wo...

There has been a great eeort in giving machine independent, algebraic characterizations of complexity classes, especially of functions. Astonishingly, no satisfactory characterization of the prominent class # P has been known up to now. Here, we characterize # P as the closure of a set of simple arithmetical functions under summation and weak product. Building on that result, the hierarchy of c...

BACKGROUND Stapler application for pharyngeal closure after total laryngectomy allows for rapid watertight closure without field contamination and for potentially reduced fistula rate. METHODS One thousand four hundred fifteen patients underwent laryngectomy with linear stapler closure. In 98.6%, laryngectomy was performed after radiation failure. RESULTS A relatively high incidence of phar...

We introduce a new variant of tight closure associated to any fixed ideal a, which we call a-tight closure, and study various properties thereof. In our theory, the annihilator ideal τ(a) of all a-tight closure relations, which is a generalization of the test ideal in the usual tight closure theory, plays a particularly important role. We prove the correspondence of the ideal τ(a) and the multi...