Archaeological studies of Early Islamic communities in Central Asia have focused on lowland urban communities. Here, the authors report recent geophysical survey and excavation an cemetery at Tashbulak south-eastern Uzbekistan. AMS dating places establishment mid-eighth century AD, making it one earliest burial grounds documented Asia. Burials conform to prescriptions for grave form body deposi...

kharijite as one of the groups in the first and second centuries, had a respectively certain attitude toward women. they have offered quite different views of woman and her participation in social and political issues including, marriage, treatment toward female prisoners, women in battles and women caliphate, which took influence of looking at surface and appearance of quran and ideas of peopl...

ever since alexander emerged in the history of iran, his being greek or iranian has been a matter of dispute. the subject has later entered the discussions over alexander’s identity as ruler, governor, explorer, adventurer, etc. even these days disputes over his existence or his territory exist. a purely historical study on the subject should be based on documents. yet since a great part of wri...

The Verona Orational, copied in Tarragona the early eighth century, contains processional rubrics hinting at liturgical movement between churches on Carnes Tollendas Sunday beginning of Lent. mention three places: Holy Jerusalem, Saint Fructuosus’s and Peter’s. This essay examines tandem with urban architecture Visigothic to place these processions as nearly possible their topographical context...

traditionalists of european literature in the sixteenth century ad, were trying to restore that literary heritage due to technical and human theme of the ancient greek literature since modernists began to confront the traditionalists by the the end of the seventeenth century and invited them to avoid old formats and to define literature and poetry in another way. since then, persian and arabic ...

Although the West Antarctic surface climate has experienced large changes over past decades with widespread warming, an overall increase in snow accumulation and a deepening of Amundsen Sea Low, exact role human activities these not yet been fully investigated, which limits confidence future projections. Here, we perform detection attribution analysis using instrumental proxy-based reconstructi...