historical memory or collective memory, in studies on cultural history and history of ideas, is often neglected. it is sufficient, for example, look at the names and titles to learn of the common view of a nation. this is true about alexander’s image in our culture. in our culture and some others, alexander is a myth and sometimes a unique hero. shahnameh can demonstrate this historical memory ...

Background: Attention to children's nutrition is important; since they are the most sensitive and vulnerable group in the community against malnutrition and food shortages. Therefore, this study aims to design, implement, and evaluate the effect of educational programs based on (philosophy for children) on thinking skills about healthy breakfast consumption of sixth-grade elementary school stud...

Abstract This study reexamines a lynchpin of Neo-Babylonian Levantine Phoenician historiography: Nebuchadnezzar II’s purported thirteen-year siege Tyre in the early sixth century bce . detail about length can be found only Josephus’ (first ce ) writings, but this study’s new assessment (sixth-fifteenth manuscript evidence shows that more commonly transmitted was “three years and ten months.” Ot...

The close relationship between music and other art forms is a well-established feature of fin-de-siècle Vienna. Interdisciplinary study since the 1970s, of the relationship between literature and music, reflects among other things a recovery of nineteenth-century concerns. This article equates Mahler’s development of symphonic form with a development of narrative form within his works, by linki...

VESALIUS' ILLUSTRATION of the 'sixth pair' of cranial nerves in the De Humani Corporis Fabrica shows the sympathetic trunk arising as a branch of the vagus in a position corresponding to the top of the thorax (see fig. 1). The text is the verbal equivalent of the illustration. Although of all Vesalius' work, the cranial nerves are perhaps the most open to criticism,' this error remained uncorre...

Gambone • How we got to the Women’s Health Initiative trial A menopause, defined as the last menstrual period, is an integral and normal physiologic event in a woman’s life, it represents a sudden and dramatic change in reproductive capability, health risks, and self-image. The perimenopause (the 3 to 5 years before and after menopause) is characterized by symptoms of estrogen deficiency, such ...

was "Quite a godsend! Everybody ill, nobody dying"') the 1918-19 variety showed a dreadful propensity to lead on to pneumonic complications and death. The bodies of the deceased, it might be added, were prone to a distressing darkening or even blackening.2 Mortality among pregnant women seemed to be particularly high.3 Edwin Jordan, writing in the 1920s, put the global toll of the pandemic at, ...

The sixth-century BC Chinese military general Sun Tzu underscored the dangers of overconfidence in strategy. A similar view has been shared by other thinkers and applied further to various contexts other than the military. A major goal of the medical sciences is to develop effective, wellrefined therapies. Accomplishing this task requires a comprehensive understanding of the biology of each com...

BACKGROUND Botulinum toxin type-A (BTX-A) has been successfully utilized to treat trigeminal neuralgia. In this study, through the use of a new technique, the efficacy of the injection of BTX-A to the maxillary and mandibular nerves was evaluated. METHODS A total of 27 patients were injected with 100 Units of BTX-A to the maxillary and mandibular nerves. Visual analogue scale score and pain f...