The present paper describes a method for proving Downward Löwenheim-Skolem Theorem within an arbitrary institution satisfying certain logic properties. In order to demonstrate the applicability of the present approach, the abstract results are instantiated to many-sorted first-order logic and preorder algebra. In addition to the first technique for proving Downward Löwenheim-Skolem Theorem, ano...

The asymptotic relative efficiency of the mean deviation with respect to the standard deviation is 88% at the normal distribution. In his seminal 1960 paper A survey of sampling from contaminated distributions, J. W. Tukey points out that, if the normal distribution is contaminated by a small -fraction of a normal distribution with three times the standard deviation, the mean deviation is more ...

Expressions such as English himself are interpreted as locally bound anaphors in certain syntactic environments and are exempt from the binding conditions in others. This article provides a unified semantics for himself in both of these uses. Their difference is reduced to the interaction with the syntactic environment. The semantics is based on an extension of the treatment of pronominals in v...

Expansion trees are defined as generalizations of Herbrand instances for formulas in a nonextensional form of higher-order logic based on Church's simple theory of types. Such expansion trees can be defined with or without the use of skolem functions. These trees store substitution terms and either critical variables or skolem terms used to instantiate quantifiers in the original formula and th...

Let G be a graph with its vertices and edges. On defining bijective function ρ:V(G) →{0,1,...,p}. For each edge assign the label 1 if ρ*(ab)= | ρ(a) 2 −ρ(b) /ρ(a)−ρ(b) is odd or 0 otherwise such that |eρ(1) − eρ(0)| ≤ then labeling called as divided square difference cordial graph. We prove in this paper for relatively possible set of spider graphs atmost one legs greater than namely J(SP(1 m ,...