It has been observed in the past that, at the time of Mikhail Gorbachëv‟s ascension to power following the death of his predecessor Konstantin Chernenko in 1985, few people believed that the Soviet Union was heading for collapse; merely reform (Bartlett, R. (2005:278)). Thus the question begs; what changed over the next five years to bring one of the world‟s two superpowers to the point of utte...

In 1960, Austria initiated diplomatic relations across the Iron Curtain to explore possibility of ordering oral polio vaccine (OPV) produced in Soviet Union. The live attenuated promised enhance immunity communities and was both easier administer much cheaper than inactivated (IPV). American scientist Albert Sabin his Russian ally Mikhail Chumakow had tested new large field trials USSR at end 1...

This article explores how the legacy of European colonialism and its role in transforming gender relations globally, shapes post-Soviet Russian masculinities. It points to historical connections between Russian/Soviet colonial projects, both which relied on notion ‘progress’ relations. Drawing analysis biographical interviews with a diverse sample men interviewed Russia UK, this work identifies...

The paper presents a brief review of the application of WSPs in extreme climates where ice formation occurs during winter. Design standards and methods are compared and different systems are described. Design equations developed by the US EPA and normative standards from the former Soviet Union are compared in a simple example using typical wastewater and performance characteristics. The result...