Promethazine (phenergan) has two methyl groups, which in these derivatives are associated with strong antihistaminic power, while chlorpromazine is a propylamine phenothiazine, which has more marked central nervous system effects but only one-hundredth of the antihistamine potency of promezathine. The Department of Pharmacology at Oxford has pointed out (Burns, 1948; Burns and Dutta, 1948; Dews...

Pinus roxburghii Sarg. (syn. Pinus longifolia Roxb.) (Pinaceae), found in the Himalayan region, furnishes an oleoresin which is used as insecticides, disinfectants and liver disorders. P. roxburghii are reported to have wound healing, cytotoxic, antibacterial, antifungal and spasmolytic actions. The plant also shows beneficial effects in the treatment of cough, ulceration and genito-urinary dis...

Objective: The Achillea species have been used to treat various ailments due its anti-inflammatory, hemostatic, spasmolytic and cholagogue effects in the Turkish traditional medicine. However, there is no biological activity studies on some except for well-knowns. This work aimed determine antioxidant, antimicrobial cytotoxic activities of crude ethanolic extracts fractions sintenisii using vit...

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of aerial parts of Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl. extract on the rat ileum contractions. The crude extract was prepared by maceration method (90% methanol) followed by fractionating into chloroform, ethyl acetate, petroleum ether and water. In adult male Wistar rats, ileum was sectioned and mounted in tissue bath and their contractility was reco...

Although leaf of Vitis vinifera (Vitaceae) has been used in traditional medicine to treat diarrhea, but no clinical and experimental studies have been conducted on its effects on the uterus. It has previously been reported that Vitis vinifera leaf extract reduces the ileum contractions induced by KCl and acetylcholine. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of Vitis vinifera...

The glutamatergic synapses between inner hair cells and afferent neurons seem to be involved in pathophysiological conditions of the cochlea. The excessive release of glutamate from inner hair cells during noise trauma and ischemia affects the afferent neurons. It is possible that in tinnitus outer hair cell or inner hair cell dysfunction or damage leads to an altered spontaneous release of glu...

BACKGROUND Otilonium bromide (OB) is a spasmolytic agent acting as an L-type calcium channel antagonist in intestinal and colonic smooth muscle cells (SMCs). We analyzed three independent clinical trials with homogeneous design on patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). After 2 weeks receiving placebo, patients were randomized to receive OB (3 × 40 mg daily) or placebo for 15 weeks. We ai...

Cortisol, a member of glucocorticoids, could potentiate the action of catecholamine by a non-genomic mechanism. Although this permissive effect has been well appreciated in the anti-asthmatic medication, the underlying signaling pathway has remained mysterious. Here, we show that extraneuronal monoamine transporter (EMT), a membraneous reuptake transporter for circulating catecholamine clearanc...

AIM OF THE STUDY In this study, we investigated the crude extract of Borago officinalis leaves (Bo.Cr) for its antispasmodic, bronchodilator, vasodilator and cardio-depressant activities to rationalize some of the traditional uses. MATERIALS AND METHODS Bo.Cr was studied using different isolated tissue preparations including rabbit jejunum, trachea, aorta, and guinea-pig atria. RESULTS Bo.C...