In-situ soil moisture was widely used to validate and calibrate the satellite-retrieved data of different footprints. However, it contained unavoidable uncertainty when used as spatial representative. This paper examined the uncertainty in pixel-wise soil moisture designed for satellite validation in the HiWATER project. Two in-situ data sets were used for the examination, which were carefully ...

Eco-efficiency is a tool for sustainability analysis that indicates how to carry out economic activities effectively. This paper assesses agricultural eco-efficiency using data envelopment analysis (DEA) and the Theil index approach. Using basic data of 31 provinces in China during 2003–2013, we analyzed the agricultural eco-efficiency development level and spatial pattern in China. The results...

In salamander retina, the response of On-Off ganglion cells to a central flash is reduced by movement in the receptive field surround. Through computer simulation of a 2-D model which takes into account their anatomical and physiological properties, we show that interactions between four neuron types (two bipolar and two amacrine) may be responsible for the generation and lateral conductance of...

The Tsaoling Landslide in Taiwan has captured attentions of researchers worldwide due to its frequent catastrophic failure and distinctive features. Thanks to the launch of TerraSAR-X/TanDEM-X (TSX/TDX) constellation, retrieval of global DEM with high spatial resolution and accuracy becomes possible, which is extremely useful for the study of natural hazards (e.g., landslides) globally. We atte...

We consider the problem of characterisation of sequences of heterogeneous symbolic data that arise from a common underlying temporal pattern. The data, which are subject to imprecision and uncertainty, are heterogeneous with respect to classification schemes, where the class values differ between sequences. However, because the sequences relate to the same underlying concept, the mappings betwe...

This paper examines the degrees of correlation among vocal-tract and facial movement data and the speech acoustics. Multilinear techniques are applied to support the claims that facial motion during speech is largely a byproduct of producing the speech acoustics and further that the spectral envelope of the speech acoustics can be better estimated by the 3D motion of the face than by the midsag...

In this paper, by using theories of stochastic process and differential equation, the authors systematically studied the distribution of grazing animals between two resource points and established the dispersal model that describes the animals distribution. Its limiting distribution could describe not only the consequences of spatial pattern development for a long term, but also the processes o...

This paper describes an approach to temporal pattern mining using the concept of user defined temporal prototypes to define the nature of the trends of interests. The temporal patterns are defined in terms of sequences of support values associated with identified frequent patterns. The prototypes are defined mathematically so that they can be mapped onto the temporal patterns. The focus for the...

Atmospheric responses to sea ice retreat in the Bering Sea have been linked to recent extremewinters inNorthAmerica.We investigate the leading factor for the interannual variability of Bering sea ice area (SIA) in early winter (November–December), using canonical correlation analysis based on seasonally resolved atmosphere and ocean data for 1980–2014.We found that the 3-month leading (August–S...

Spatial patterns of soil properties are linked to patchy vegetation in arid and semi-arid landscapes. The patterns of soil properties are generally assumed to be linked to the ecohydrological functioning of patchy dryland vegetation ecosystems. We studied the effects of vegetation canopy, its spatial pattern, and landforms on soil properties affecting overland flow and infiltration in shrubland...