To the Editor: In general, reports of extrapulmonary Legionella spp. infections are scarce. For example, L. micdadei infection was found with the following manifestations: a mass on the left side of the neck and low-grade fever in a healthy 9-year-old girl (1); multiple liver and lung abscesses in a 7-year-old girl with acute lymphoblas-tic leukemia who had undergone allo-geneic cord blood tran...

Spider diagrams are a recently developed visual logic that make statements about relationships between sets, their members and their cardinalities. By contrast, the study of regular languages is one of the oldest active branches of computer science research. The work in this thesis examines the previously unstudied relationship between spider diagrams and regular languages. In this thesis, the ...

animal related injuries as most common causes of human morbidity have different pattern by geographical zones. we aimed to explore the main descriptive epidemiology of animal-related injuries in both rural and urban areas in iran. between 2000 and 2004, we collected the data of all the cases of animal related trauma hospitalized for more than 24 hours in eight cities (tehran, mashhad, ahwaz, sh...

i read with great interest the case report titled “periumbilical pain with radiation to both legs following tarantula bite; a case report” published in emergency journal. tarantula spiders are not medically important except for some very limited species, which do not exist in iran. solifugae -or rotails as they are called in iran- are in fact another group of animals also called camel spiders (...

Black widow spider envenomation (BWSE) is commonly associated with severe abdominal pain, muscle cramping, and hypertension. Treatment is primarily symptomatic with the use of opiates and benzodiazepines. Priapism is a complication of BWSE that has only rarely been reported. We describe a 17-month-old male who developed priapism after known BWSE. His priapism did not respond to opiates or benzo...

Skin and soft tissue infections caused by hospitalacquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, or HA-MRSA, have been a problem in hospital and nursing home settings for several years. In recent years, infections caused by a new isolate termed community-acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA) have been increasing in incidence, and outbreaks of CA-MRSA have been identified in other settings, including a...

OBJECTIVE Bites from the brown recluse spider and other arachnids from the genus Loxosceles frequently induce necrotic skin lesions that can be recalcitrant to treatment and disfiguring. The authors used a rabbit model of dermonecrotic arachnidism to address the therapeutic efficacy of intradermal (id) polyclonal anti-Loxosceles Fab fragments (alphaLoxd Fab) raised against Loxosceles deserta sp...

Sphingomyelinases D (SMases D) or dermonecrotic toxins are well characterized in Loxosceles spider venoms and have been described in some strains of pathogenic microorganisms, such as Corynebacterium sp. After spider bites, the SMase D molecules cause skin necrosis and occasional severe systemic manifestations, such as acute renal failure. In this paper, we identified new SMase D amino acid seq...

Loxoscelism is the designation given to clinical symptoms evoked by Loxosceles spider's bites. Clinical manifestations include skin necrosis with gravitational spreading and systemic disturbs. The venom contains several enzymatic toxins. Herein, we describe the cloning, expression, refolding and biological evaluation of a novel brown spider protein characterized as a hyaluronidase. Employing a ...