OBJECTIVE To assess the efficacy, acceptability, and safety of a topical alkane vapocoolant in reducing pain during intravenous cannulation in adults. DESIGN Randomised double blind placebo controlled trial. SETTING Emergency department of a metropolitan teaching hospital. PARTICIPANTS 201 adult patients (54% male), mean (SD) age 58.2 (19.5) years, who required intravenous cannulation. ...

To study the effect of Zn and B as foliar spray on growth and yield of sweet orange, cv. Blood red at Dargai, Malakand Agency, Pakistan during 2006 and 2007. The micronutrients zinc (Zn) in the form of zinc sulphate (ZnSo4.7H2O) as zinc source at the rate of 0.5 % and 1.0 % and boron (B) in the form of boric acid (H3BO3) at the rate of 0.02 % and 0.04 % were applied as foliar spray at three dif...

The indoor surface deposition and distribution of insecticides applied as foggers, baseboard or perimeter sprays, spot sprays and crack-and-crevice sprays represent distinct pathways of potential unintentional and unavoidable residential pesticide exposure of children and adults. Fogger, perimeter spray, crack-and-crevice, and spot sprays using registered commercial products were studied using ...

ColdZyme® Mouth Spray (ColdZyme) is a mouth spray intended to reduce the probability of catching a cold and/or can help shorten the duration of a cold if used at an early stage of the infection, by forming a barrier on the pharyngeal mucous membrane. This study evaluated the preventative effect of ColdZyme on common cold infections in personnel at elderly care facilities, and assessed the level...

This study was conducted to compare the effects of foliar spray and rhizosphere irrigation with purple phototrophic bacteria (PPB) on growth and stevioside (ST) yield of Stevia. rebaudiana. The S. rebaudiana plants were treated by foliar spray, rhizosphere irrigation, and spray plus irrigation with PPB for 10 days, respectively. All treatments enhanced growth of S. rebaudiana, and the foliar me...

Spray drying is a common drying technique in food industries to convert liquid to powder form. A good understanding on the dynamic behavior of the process is important to ensure proper control. The aim of this study is to develop empirical models for spray drying of whole milk powder and orange juice powder. A preliminary study on the effect of several inputs such as inlet air temperature, feed...

BACKGROUND Sublingual nitroglycerin increases exercise duration in patients with stable angina. Brief results from this study were published previously in German. Here, we more fully describe the study methodology, patient characteristics, and detailed results. METHODS This double-blind, crossover study enrolled 51 patients with stable angina. Patients were randomized to 1 of 5 treatment sequ...

This study presents a systematic analysis of wetted region due to cooling of aluminum plate by water spray impingement with respect to different water flow rates, spray nozzle heights, and subcooling. Unlike jet impingement, the wetting is not commenced upon spray impingement and there is a delay in wetness of hot test surface. After initiation, the wetting (black zone) progresses gradually to ...

Current Process HVOF thermal spray is widely used for coating critical wear parts like landing gear, bearing races, valves and turbine components. Generally, fully or partially molten metal, composite, or ceramic droplets are propelled from a gun or torch onto the workpiece. Multiple passes are required to build up the coating, since each pass only deposits ~ 0.0002 in 0.0005 in thickness of ma...