When we have learned a motor skill, such as cycling or ice-skating, we can rapidly generalize to novel tasks, such as motorcycling or rollerblading [1-8]. Such facilitation of learning could arise through two distinct mechanisms by which the motor system might adjust its control parameters. First, fast learning could simply be a consequence of the proximity of the original and final settings of...

Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) is one of the world's most important crop plants, which is of large economic value for fruit and wine production. There is much interest in identifying genomic variations and their functional effects on inter-varietal, phenotypic differences. Using an approach developed for the analysis of human and mammalian genomes, which combines high-throughput sequencing, arra...

Rationale. The last three years have brought considerable progress in understanding the nature and patterns of single nucleotide polymorphism within the human species. Of the estimated 10-15 million common SNPs, a large fraction have already been discovered and 3.8 million SNPs converted to genotyping assays, providing the community with a framework to investigate associations between common SN...

393 Group A Streptococcus (GAS) is a Gram-positive bacterium that is responsible for a wide range of human infections, including pharyngitis and tonsillitis, skin infections (impetigo, erysipelas, and cellulitis), sepsis, osteomyelitis, a toxic-shock syndrome, and necrotizing fasciitis (1). The organism is also responsible for nonsuppurative sequelae such as acute rheumatic fever and acute glom...

We outline a formalism for structural, or symbolic, representation, the necessity of which has been acutely felt in all sciences, particularly biology, for quite some time now. At the same time, biology has been gradually edging to the forefront of sciences, although the reasons obviously have nothing to do with its state of formalization or maturity—which is quite primitive as compared, for ex...

Genomic structural variation is generally defined as deletions, insertions, duplications, inversions, translocations or copy number variation (CNV) in large DNA segments (>1 kb). The structural variation in an individual genome includes thousands of discrete regions, spans millions of base pairs, and encompasses numerous entire genes and their regulatory regions. This results in missing or chan...

Motivation: Standard genome sequence alignment tools primarily designed to find one alignment per read have difficulty detecting inversion, translocation and large insertion and deletion (indel) events. Moreover, dedicated split read alignment methods that depend only upon the reference genome may misidentify or find too many potential split read alignments because of reference genome anomalies...

The notion of neutrosophic soft group is introduced, together with several related properties. Its structural characteristics are investigated with suitable examples. The Cartesian product on neutrosophic soft groups and on neutrosophic soft subgroup is defined and illustrated by examples. Related theorems are established.

in this paper,  we provide two different kinds of fixed pointtheorems in  fuzzy metric spaces. the first kind is for the fuzzy$varepsilon$-contractive type mappings and  the second kind is forthe fuzzy order $psi$-contractive type mappings. they improve thecorresponding  conclusions in the literature.

in this paper, we prove a fixed point theorem for a pair of generalized weakly contractive mappings in complete partial metric spaces. the theorems presented are generalizations of very recent fixed point theorems due to abdeljawad, karapinar and tas. to emphasize the very general nature of these results, we illustrate an example.