BACKGROUND Subfertility due to anovulation is a common problem in women. First-line oral treatment is with anti-oestrogens, for example clomiphene citrate, but resistance (failure to ovulate) may be apparent with clomiphene. Alternative and adjunctive treatments have been developed such as tamoxifen, dexamethasone, and bromocriptine. OBJECTIVES To determine the relative effectiveness of anti-...

A practical approach to semen analysis (SA) interpretation and the initial management of subfertile men is presented. Each parameter of the SA is described and management recommendations based upon SA findings are provided. The indications for and interpretation of adjunctive diagnostic testing for male factor subfertility are also discussed.

BACKGROUND One-third of subfertile couples have no identifiable cause for their inability to conceive. In vitro fertilisation (IVF) is a widely accepted treatment for this condition; however, this treatment is invasive and expensive and is associated with risks. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of IVF compared with expectant management, unstimulated intrauterine inseminatio...

A 26-year-old man with a one-year history of attempted conception was referred to a male subfertility clinic. Two previous semen analyses had disclosed oligospermia with sperm counts of 11 x 109/1 on both occasions (figure). He had had classical symptoms of thyrotoxicosis for five years and 18 months earlier had been investigated for palpitations. Examination showed a diffuse goitre, tremor, an...

Abstract Background Subfertility is a major problem in modern horse breeding. Especially, mares without clinical signs of reproductive diseases, known uterine pathogens and no evidence inflammation but not becoming pregnant after several breeding attempts are challenging for veterinarians. To obtain new insights into the cause these fertility problems aiming at improving diagnosis subfertile ma...

BACKGROUND Understanding the aetiology of subfertility and female reproductive tract disorders at a molecular level may improve success rates in fertility treatment. Such understanding may be gained by the application of metabonomics technologies to tissues or biofluids. Metabonomics is concerned with the quantification of molecules in the metabolome and uses nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) sp...