Introduction: SHARAD (SHAllow RADar) is a subsurface sounding radar provided by ASI (Agenzia Spaziale Italiana) as a Facility Instrument for the 2005 Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) mission. It is designed to characterize the upper several hundred meters of the martian subsurface. As of this writing, the instrument has been integrated into the payload on the spacecraft undergoing assembly at ...

Recently a new theory has been developed to retrieve a wavefield generated by a source on the surface and recorded at a point in the subsurface without the need for a receiver at that subsurface location. The scheme is presented for threedimensional wavefields. It decomposes the electromagnetic field in upand downgoing electric fields and in TEand TMmodes. Each mode can be treated separately to...

[1] Quantifying the spatial configuration of hydraulic conductivity (K) in heterogeneous geological environments is essential for accurate predictions of contaminant transport, but is difficult because of the inherent limitations in resolution and coverage associated with traditional hydrological measurements. To address this issue, we consider crosshole and surface‐based electrical resistivity...

We show that in presence of subsurface oxygen, CO oxidation of oxygen precovered Ag~001! modifies the surface in such a way that CO adsorption is stabilized up to crystal temperatures of 160 K. When diffusion is activated new surface oxide phases form, characterized by oxygen both in surface and in subsurface sites and by a high density of states just below the Fermi level. Subsurface oxygen ac...

Understanding subsurface conditions like soils properties or geological stratification is hindered by the lack of measured data as well as by the unavailability of models, tools and visualization techniques addressing the complexity of subsurface data. The intrinsic three-dimensionality of the subsurface is often simplified into two dimensions; looking either at the spatial component using stan...

The paper introduces the spirality character of the almost fiber part for a closed essentially immersed subsurface of a closed orientable aspherical 3-manifold, which generalizes an invariant due to Rubinstein and Wang. The subsurface is virtually embedded if and only if the almost fiber part is aspiral, and in this case, the subsurface is virtually a leaf of a taut foliation. Besides other con...

From an interplay between simultaneously recorded noncontact atomic force microscopy and scanning tunneling microscopy images and simulations based on density functional theory, we reveal the location of single hydrogen species in the surface and subsurface layers of rutile TiO2. Subsurface hydrogen atoms (H(sub)) are found to reside in a stable interstitial site as subsurface OH groups detecta...

there are human and animal health concerns related to drainage systems because nutrients, especially nitrogen and phosphorus, can contaminate water supplies. a field study was conducted on consolidated paddy fields of sari agricultural sciences and natural resources university, northern iran (36.3°n, 53.04°e), to determine the effect of subsurface drain depth and spacing on nitrogen (n) and pho...

Subsurface fluorescence molecular tomography (FMT) has promising potential for noninvasive characterization of molecular and cellular activities in small animals by tomographic means in reflectance geometry. In this work, subsurface FMT is employed to monitor the therapeutic response of cisplatin in tumor-bearing mice in vivo. The localization and quantification accuracy of subsurface FMT are d...

One of the most important factors for appropriate performance of subsurface drainage systems is having adequate discharge for drains. For this purpose, knowledge about effect of drainage parameters change on drain discharge is essential in subsurface drainage systems. In this article, using change all of the drainage parameters by EnDrain software, changes of drains discharge has been investiga...