Some reports have outlined many different treatment strategies for superior oblique myokymia (SOM) that attempt to reduce or eliminate patients' symptoms of monocular oscillopsia and/or diplopia. Most treatment strategies have focused solely on oral medications or invasive surgery. The following is a current and critical review of SOM along with its clinical findings/symptoms, demographics, the...

Type II Duane’s retraction syndrome (DRS) is the least common strabismus characterized by limitation of adduction with the presence of upshoot, downshoot or both. Abduction can be normal or slightly altered. Secondary muscle changes like fibrosis, and anomalous insertions have been associated with DRS. Its associations with dissociated vertical deviations have been reported. We report a rare ca...

The superior oblique tendon sheath syndrome was first described by Brown (I950). The essential feature is a limitation of elevation in adduction caused by a short or inadequately mobile anterior segment of the superior oblique tendon and its sheath. Treatment of the condition is indicated if an abnormal head posture is necessary in order to maintain an adequate field of binocular single vision;...