Dark energy is a mysterious force that pervades all space, acting as a "push" to accelerate the universe's expansion. Despite being 70 percent of the universe, dark energy was only discovered in 1998 by two teams observing Type Ia supernovae. A Type 1a supernova is a cataclysmic explosion of a white dwarf star. The best way of measuring dark energy just got better, thanks to a new study of Type...

1. The General Concept 2. Big Bang Nucleosynthesis 3. Stellar Nucleosynthesis 3.1 Stellar Core Burning 3.2. Stellar Shell Burning 3.3. The s-Process 4. Core Collapse Supernovae 4.1. Collapse Phase 4.2. Explosion Mechanism 4.3. The r-Process 4.4. Neutrino Nucleosynthesis 5. Nucleosynthesis in Explosive Binary Systems 5.1. Nova Explosions 5.2. Type Ia Supernovae 5.3. X-Ray Bursts and X-Ray Pulsar...

Current understanding of core collapse and thermonuclear supernovae is reviewed. Recent progress in unveiling the nature of cosmic gamma-ray bursts (GRB) is discussed, with the focus on the apparent link of several GRBs with an energetic subclass of stellar explosions, type Ib/c core-collapse supernovae. This relation provides the strong case that the GRB phenomenon is connected with the final ...

We show that the dipole of the luminosity distance is a useful observational tool which allows us to determine the Hubble parameter as a function of redshift H(z). We determine the number of supernovae needed to achieve a given precision for H(z) and to distinguish between different models for dark energy. We analyze a sample of nearby supernovae and find a dipole consistent with the cosmic mic...

ABSTRACT It is proposed that there has been a longstanding misunderstanding of the relationship between scale factor of the universe and redshift. It is shown how value of omega(matter) of one quarter of the true value, (hence the apparent dark energy phenomenon) can result from such a misconception. Predictions for the magnitudes of supernovae against redshift are made and found to be in good ...

Dark energy is a mysterious force that pervades all space, acting as a "push" to accelerate the universe's expansion. Despite being 70 percent of the universe, dark energy was only discovered in 1998 by two teams observing Type Ia supernovae. A Type 1a supernova is a cataclysmic explosion of a white dwarf star. The best way of measuring dark energy just got better, thanks to a new study of Type...

Gravitational lensing will cause a dispersion in the Hubble diagram for high redshift sources. This effect will introduce a bias in the cosmological parameter determination using the distance-redshift relation for Type Ia supernovae. In this note we show how one can diagnose and correct for this bias when doing precision cosmology with supernovae. A&A manuscript no. (will be inserted by hand la...

Using a collection of 12 γ-ray burst (GRBs) sample and 186 Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) data containing 157 gold and 29 silver set, we make constraints on the cosmological model with adiabatic matter creation, assuming a spatially flat universe. It is shown that the matter creation can also lead to accelerating expansion of the universe without a cosmological constant or any other dark energy co...

Detailed observations of a growing number of supernovae have determined a bloom of new peculiar events. In this paper we take a short tour through the SN diversity and discuss some important, physical issues related to it. Because of the role of SN Ia in determining the cosmological parameters, it is crucial to understand the physical origin of even subtle, observed differences. An important is...

This paper explains the Accelerating Universe, the Special and General Relativity from the observed effects of the accelerating electrons, causing naturally the experienced changes of the electric field potential along the moving electric charges. The accelerating electrons explain not only the Maxwell Equations and the Special Relativity, but the Heisenberg Uncertainty Relation, the wave parti...