In this chapter, we consider a generalization of flows that allows “stuff” to be injected or extracted from the flow network at the vertices. For the moment, consider a flow network G = (V, E) without any specific source and target vertices. Let b : V → R be a balance function describing how much flow should be injected (if the value is positive) or extracted (if the value is negative) at each ...

The one-step surgical procedure for dermal substitutes combined with topical negative pressure (TNP) has proven effective for treating deep skin defects with improved graft take. The primary mechanism by which TNP improves autograft take is unknown. Some studies suggest that TNP promotes the rapid angiogenesis of dermal substitutes, improving graft take. However, at the early stage of one-step ...

In this note, we consider a mild generalization of flows, which allow a fixed amount of flow to be injected or extracted from the flow network at the vertices. For the moment, consider a flow network G = (V, E) without identified source and target vertices. Let b : V → R be a balance function describing how much flow should be injected (if the value is positive) or extracted (if the value is ne...

We analyze the role of government intertemporal budget policies in a growing open economy including nominal assets in the presence of an upward sloping supply of debt. This introduces transitional dynamics that influence the effects of government policy instruments on the long term fiscal liability. In particular, shifts in capital income taxes can lead to dynamic scoring effects through the ev...

We are concerned with multidimensional stochastic balance laws. We identify a class of nonlinear balance laws for which uniform spatial BV bounds for vanishing viscosity approximations can be achieved. Moreover, we establish temporal equicontinuity in L1 of the approximations, uniformly in the viscosity coefficient. Using these estimates, we supply a multidimensional existence theory of stochas...

The recent dramatic change in energy supply in Japan has prompted a search for a new energy-environment-economic efficiency policy, in which a compromise has to be found between a sufficient supply of energy resources, the development of low carbon emission technology, and a continuation of economic growth. The prefectures in Japan – 46 in total (excluding Tokyo) – are regarded as the instituti...

Markedly decreased plasma cystine and cysteine concentrations have been found in HIV-infected patients at all stages of the disease and in SIV-infected rhesus macaques. The elevated glutamate levels found in the same patients aggravate the cysteine deficiency by inhibiting the membrane transport activity for cystine. The intact immune system appears to require a delicate balance between pro-oxi...

cc This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Assessment of cerebral oxygen supply-demand balance by near-infrared spectroscopy during induction of anesthesia in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft s...

Decisions concerning how we balance energy supply and demand should not be made by quantitative cost-benefit analyses alone. The distributions of costs and benefits among individuals, groups of individuals, nations, and generations raise questions of equity that need to be addressed forthrightly. Doing so can help rather than impede the decision-making process.

The emergence and tremendous growth of the new economy has unleashed powerful forces that are reshaping the retail industry at an unprecedented rate. Everything from customer relationships to branding to supply chain management is impacted by this revolution. Given the dynamics at work in the new economy, retailers are struggling to strike a balance between maintaining operational excellence an...