IMS charging can be performed at various planes of the IMS architecture. Different charging schemes may be utilized. The optimal charging scheme would be service dependent, but may also be influenced by user expectations. The 3GPP has standardized charging mechanisms, protocols and interfaces for IMS charging control; online and offline charging have been standardized. However, the design and d...

The dielectric charging constitutes a major problem that still inhibits the commercial application of RF MEMS capacitive switches. The effect arises from the presence of the dielectric film (Fig.1a), which limits the displacement of the suspended electrode and determines the device pull-down state capacitance. Macroscopically, the dielectric charging is manifested through the shift (Fig.1b) (Re...

With an electrified passenger transportation fleet, carbon dioxide emissions could be reduced significantly depending on the electric power production mix. Increased electric power consumption due to electric vehicle charging demands of electric vehicle fleets may be met by increased amount of renewable power production in the electrical systems. With electric vehicle fleets in the transportati...

Smart grids have been introduced to replace conventional power distribution systems without real time monitoring for accommodating the future market penetration of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs). When a large number of PEVs require simultaneous battery charging, charging coordination techniques have become one of the most critical factors to optimize the PEV charging performance and the conve...

To address the grid-side challenges associated with the anticipated high electric vehicle (EV) penetration level, various charging protocols have been proposed in the literature. Most if not all of these protocols assume continuous charging rates and allow intermittent charging. However, due to charging technology limitations, EVs can only be charged at a fixed rate, and the intermittency in ch...