Current mitigation levels for noise transients impinging on marine mammals are specified by rms pressures. The rms measure critically relies upon choosing the size of averaging window for the squared pressures. Derivation of this window is not standardized, which can lead to 2-12 dB differences in rms sound pressure for the same wave forms. rms pressure does not represent the energy of the nois...

The biofouling affinity on different polymeric surfaces (PP, PSU, PET, PEEK) in comparison with SS 1.4301 was studied using the model bacterium E.coli K12 DSM 498. A test rig with seven identical chambers allowed investigations at different system conditions (throughputs, inclination of the heat transfer cell, etc.). The biofilm mass deposited on the polymer surfaces was several magnitudes smal...

Natural fault surfaces exhibit roughness at all scales, with root-mean-square height fluctuations of order 10−3 to 10−2 times the profile length. We study earthquake rupture propagation on such faults, using strongly rate-weakening fault friction and offfault plasticity. Inelastic deformation bounds stresses to reasonable values and prevents fault opening. Stress perturbations induced by slip o...

Diamond is one of the hardest and most difficult to polish materials. In this paper, the polishing of {111} and {100} single crystal diamond surfaces by standard chemical mechanical polishing, as used in the silicon industry, is demonstrated. A Logitech Tribo Chemical Mechanical Polishing system with Logitech SF1 Syton and a polyurethane/polyester polishing pad was used. A reduction in roughnes...

The demonstration that Nanocrystalline Diamond (NCD) can retain the superior Young’s modulus (1100 GPa) of single crystal diamond twinned with its ability to be grown at low temperatures (<450 C) has driven a revival into the growth and applications of NCD thin films. However, owing to the competitive growth of crystals the resulting film has a roughness that evolves with film thickness, preven...

The smooth surface of crystalline rubrene films formed through an abrupt heating process provides a valuable platform to study organic homoepitaxy. By varying growth rate and substrate temperature, we are able to manipulate the onset of a transition from layer-by-layer to island growth modes, while the crystalline thin films maintain a remarkably smooth surface (less than 2.3 nm root-mean-squar...

PURPOSE The present study aimed to measure root surface roughness in teeth with periodontitis by a profilometer following root planning with ultrasonic and hand instruments with and without erbium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Er:YAG) laser irradiation. METHODS Sixty single-rooted maxillary and mandibular teeth, extracted because of periodontal disease, were collected. The crowns and apices...

Polymer layer growth by free radical graft polymerization (FRGP) and controlled nitroxide-mediated graft polymerization (NMGP) of polystyrene was achieved by atmospheric pressure hydrogen plasma surface activation of silicon. Kinetic polystyrene layer growth by atmospheric pressure plasma-induced FRGP (APPI-FRGP) exhibited a maximum surface-grafted layer thickness (125 A after 20 h) at an initi...