The issues facing surrogates are labour issues. However, there is scanty literature on the working conditions of in sub-Saharan Africa. This article explores these unprotected and invisible reproductive workers Ghana. In-depth interviews were conducted with key informants between 2018 2019. study revealed following: 1) Baby agents increasingly playing a dominant role surrogacy industry, through...

Group signatures allow group members to sign an arbitrary number of messages on behalf of the group without revealing their identity. Under certain circumstances the group manager holding a tracing key can reveal the identity of the signer from the signature. Practical group signature schemes should support membership revocation where the revoked member loses the capability to sign a message on...

Problems with certificate revocation status control limit the deployment of Public Key Infrastructure (PKI). Classical certificate paths require revocation control of all certificates on the path. In this paper, we show how the recently proposed NPKI (Nested certificate based PKI) system reduces the number of revocation status controls to at most two. Our analysis also shows that NPKI is not as...

Public-key infrastructures (PKIs) that support both identity certificates and access control (e.g., attribute, delegation) certificates are increasingly common. We argue that these PKIs must also support revocation and review policies that are typical of more traditional access control systems; e.g., selective and transitive certificate revocation, and per-object access review. Further, we show...

With the increasing acceptance of digital certificates, there has been a gaining impetus for methods to nullify the compromised digital certificates and enable the end user to receive this information before he trusts a revoked certificate. The problem of certificate revocation is getting more and more crucial with the development of wide spread PKIs. We discuss the need and importance of revoc...

Surrogacy, as we know it today, has only been around for the last 30 years. At same time Dasharatham is a 1989 Malayalam Indian dramatic film written by A. K. Lohithadas and directed Sibi Malayil. Its movie born before time. Anni central character who surrogate mother. We analysis emotional suffering of mother based on “Dasharatham” . The study conducted Tehran, Tashi, Mehran, Eskandari, & ...

Every married couple definitely wants to have offspring but not allcouples are blessed with children in a normal way. There some couples who choose use the test tube baby technique or IVF, which is fertilization outside womb. Meanwhile, there also mothers unable conceive for due uterus problem. Finally, development of science and technology, concept surrogacy was introduced by mixing husband's ...

Proxy signature is a useful cryptographic primitive that allows signing right delegation. In a proxy signature scheme, an original signer can delegate his/her signing right to a proxy signer (or a group of proxy signers) who can then sign documents on behalf of the original signer. In this paper, we investigate the problem of proxy signature with revocation. The revocation of delegated signing ...

Verifier-Local Revocation (VLR) group signatures, introduced by Boneh and Shacham in 2004 are a particular case of dynamic group signature schemes where the revocation process does not influence the activity of the signers. The verifiers use a Revocation List to check if the signers are revoked. In all known schemes, checking a signature requires a computational time linear in the number of rev...