The cosmological relic density of the lightest supersymmetric particle of the minimal supersymmetric standard model is calculated under the assumption of gauge and Yukawa coupling unification. We employ radiative electroweak breaking with universal boundary conditions from gravity-mediated supersymmetry breaking. Further constraints are imposed by the experimental bounds on the b–quark mass and...

Substitutability, interchangeability and related concepts in Constraint Programming were introduced approximately twenty years ago and have given rise to considerable subsequent research. We survey this work, classify, and relate the different concepts, and indicate directions for future work, in particular with respect to making connections with research into symmetry breaking. This paper is a...

We propose a mechanism for instanton induced chiral symmetry breaking in QCD with fundamental scalars. The model Lagragian that we use has the same symmetry properties as QCD. The scalar fields develop vacuum expectation values at a non-trivial minimum and generate masses for thhe light quarks. The minimization condition is also used to break the SU(Nf ) flavour symmetry in order to make the s ...

A supersymmetric model with two copies of the Standard Model gauge groups is constructed in the gauge mediated supersymmetry breaking scenario. The supersymmetry breaking messengers are in a very simple form. The Standard Model is obtained after first step gauge symmetry breaking. In the case of one copy of the gauge interactions being strong, a scenario of electroweak symmetry breaking is disc...

The study of gauge bosons is interesting in two respects. The properties of gauge bosons are modified by higher order effects that are sensitive to mass scales not directly accessible to experiment. On the other hand interactions amongst gauge bosons are sensitive to the symmetry structure of the theory where especially the interactions involving longitudinally polarised bosons teach us about t...

We examine the Higgs mass parameters and electroweak symmetry breaking in supersymmetric orbifold field theories in which the 4-dimensional Higgs fields originate from higher-dimensional gauge supermultiplets. It is noted that such gauge-Higgs unification leads to a specific boundary condition on the Higgs mass parameters at the compactification scale, which is independent of the details of sup...

This term paper explores the phenomenon of spontaneous symmetry breaking in systems with non-abelian gauge symmetry. The most famous example comes from the standard model of particle physics, wherein symmetry breaking is responsible for the masses of the W and Z bosons and the corresponding short range of the weak nuclear force. The electroweak theory will be discussed as well as a more ambitio...

Given a graph G, we consider a game where two players, A and B, alternatingly color edges of G in red and in blue respectively. Let Lsym(G) be the maximum number of moves in which B is able to keep the red and the blue subgraphs isomorphic, if A plays optimally to destroy the isomorphism. This value is a lower bound for the duration of any avoidance game on G under the assumption that B plays o...

An effective SAT preprocessing technique is the construction of symmetry breaking formulas: auxiliary clauses that guide a SAT solver away from needless exploration of symmetric subproblems. However, during the past decade, state-of-the-art SAT solvers rarely incorporated symmetry breaking. This suggests that the reduction of the search space does not outweigh the overhead incurred by detecting...