Survival of antigen-experienced T cells is essential for the generation of adaptive immune responses. Here, we show that the genetic and antibody-mediated inactivation of CD152 (cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4) in T helper (Th) effector cells reduced the frequency of nonapoptotic cells in a completely Fas/Fas ligand (FasL)-dependent manner. CD152 cross-linking together with stimulation of CD3 ...

The major target of the pathogenic red blood cell (RBC) autoantibodies in New Zealand black (NZB) mice is the anion channel protein band 3, and CD4+ T cells from NZB mice respond to band 3. Here, we demonstrate that a band 3 peptide 861-875, which is the predominant sequence recognized by NZB T cells in vitro, bears a dominant helper epitope able to modulate the autoimmune hemolyic anemia in vi...

Allergic airway inflammation (AAI) is a chronic respiratory disease that considered severe restriction in daily life and accompanied by constant risk of acute aggravation. It characterized IgE-dependent activation mast cells, infiltration eosinophils, activated T-helper cell type 2 (Th2) lymphocytes into mucosa. Purinergic receptor signaling known to play crucial role inducing maintaining aller...

In the dark ages of T cell biology, we considered two fates for differentiated CD4+ T cells: T helper (Th)1 and Th2 cells. Now we know that the reality is much more complex and interesting. The newest Th cell subset produces the cytokine IL-17. New evidence shows that the IL-17-related cytokine IL-25 is essential for Th2 responses in two infectious disease models.

We have shown that Schistosoma mansoni egg soluble antigen (SEA) prevents diabetes in the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse inducing functional changes in antigen presenting cells (APCs) and expanding T helper (Th) 2 and regulatory T cell (Treg) responses. A Th2 response to S. mansoni infection or its antigens is key to both the establishment of tolerance and successfully reproduction in the host. ...

The transcription factors T-bet and GATA3 are important reciprocal determinants of Th1 and Th2 T helper cell differentiation. Recent evidence suggests that these factors may affect airway immunopathology in asthma.

PROBLEM The systemic T helper 1/T helper 2 (Th1/Th2) cytokine balance during normal human pregnancy is controversial, and observations about the balance in the postpartum period have only been reported for up to 3 months. METHOD Whole-blood, from 83 healthy pregnant women, 80 healthy postpartum women, and 31 healthy non-pregnant women was stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) ...

CD4 T helper precursor cells mature along two alternative pathways, Th1 and Th2. Here we show that these pathways are differentially activated by two costimulatory molecules, B7-1 and B7-2. Using anti-B7 antibodies, this developmental step was manipulated both in vitro and in vivo in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). Anti-B7-1 reduced the incidence of disease while anti-B7-2 increa...

BACKGROUND In normal pregnancy, predominant type 2 cytokines help maintain pregnancy, and a T-helper (Th)1 type response is associated with unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA). However, Th2 and T-cytotoxic (Tc)2 cells have not been localized at the implantation site in RSA. METHODS Twenty-one cases with RSA were classified into RSA with normal chromosomal content (RSA-N, n = 10) ...

Antigen-specific B cell responses to mucosally delivered proteins are dependent upon CD4-positive T helper (Th) cells, and the frequency of Th1 and Th2 cell responses after oral immunization may determine the level and isotype of mucosal antibody responses. We have used a protein-based vaccine, tetanus toxoid (TT), together with the mucosal adjuvant cholera toxin (CT), for oral immunization of ...