Women who experience hot flashes as a side effect of tamoxifen (TAM) therapy often try botanical remedies such as black cohosh to alleviate these symptoms. Since pharmacological activity of TAM is dependent on the metabolic conversion into active metabolites by the action of cytochromes P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) and 3A4, the objective of this study was to evaluate whether black cohosh extracts can inhi...

Recent studies have indicated the clinical significance of tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) in several malignant tumors including breast cancer. Although recent studies have focused on CD68-positive or CD163-positive TAM in breast cancer, no study has investigated the significance of CD204-positive TAM in breast cancer. We found that CD204 expression on macrophages was evaluated following sti...

The effects of estradiol and tamoxifen (TAM) on the estrogen-dependent human breast cancer cell line MCF-7 grown in vitro and in nude mice were compared. The effect on growth was determined by cell number in vitro and by tumor growth curves in nude mice. The effects on the cell cycle kinetics were determined by repeated flow cytometric DNA analyses in vitro and in vivo and by the technique of l...

The selective estrogen receptor (ER) modulator tamoxifen (TAM) has become the standard therapy for the treatment of ER+ breast cancer patients. Despite the obvious benefits of TAM, a proportion of patients acquire resistance to treatment, and this is a significant clinical problem. Consequently, the identification of possible mechanisms involved in TAM-resistance should help the development of ...

The objective of this study was to evaluate the in vivo antitumor action of rosiglitazone (Rosi) alone or in combination with tamoxifen (Tam) on experimental mammary tumors induced by N-nitroso-N-methylurea (NMU) in Sprague-Dawley rats. Animals bearing mammary tumors were treated with 0.06 mg/kg/day or 0.12 mg/kg/day of Rosi orally, 1 mg/kg/day of Tam s.c., or with the combined treatment (Rosi+...

Tamoxifen (TAM), a standard endocrine treatment for ad vanced breast cancer, probably acts by competing for the estrogen receptor protein in the breast tumor cells. If so, resistance to TAM may be a function of the level of the available endogenous estrogen. Inhibition of estrogen synthesis by aminoglutethimide may therefore facilitate the action of the antiestrogen. To test this hypothesis, th...

The present study attempts to investigate the applicability of the TAM model in the Arab context and to extend TAM with three moderating/interacting human factors. Using a survey sample collected from 722 knowledge workers using desktop computer applications on a voluntary basis in Saudi Arabia, this study sought empirical support for testing the basic structure of TAM. Toward that, the study w...

Benbasat and Barki (2007) argue that TAM has been both a blessing and curse for the IS field and they detail reasons why this is the case. Our response to their critique is to highlight areas of agreement, disagree with one of their assertions, and extend their thinking along another, related line. Specifically, we agree that some TAM constructs, namely perceived usefulness and system usage, ne...

Ovarian and pituitary hormones were determined in pre- and postmenopausal breast cancer patients before and at intervals during adjuvant chemotherapy or chemotherapy plus tamoxifen (TAM). Chemotherapy did not affect gonadotrophin levels in postmenopausal patients; however, inclusion of TAM in the regimen produced a partial (approximately 50%) reduction in circulating levels of luteinizing hormo...