In the standard solar cell technologies such as crystalline silicon and cadmium telluride, increments of temperature in the cell produce large variations in the energy conversion efficiency, which decreases at a constant rate. In dye solar cells the efficiency remains roughly constant with a maximum at around 30-40 °C and further decays above this temperature. In this work, the origin of this c...

The thermal evolution of the shell correction energy is investigated for deformed nuclei using Strutinsky prescription in a self-consistent relativistic mean-field framework. For temperature independent single-particle states corresponding to either spherical or deformed nuclear shapes, the shell correction energy ∆sc steadily washes out with temperature. However, for states pertaining to the s...

As technology scaling becomes increasing more difficult, other venues such as decreasing operation temperature have offered further improvement in circuits. This paper presents the advantages of low (liquid nitrogen or LN) temperature have on CMOS circuits as well as a survey of current applications. Motivation for low temperature electronics (LTE) has risen further from the prominent drawbacks...

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), nowadays, are one of the important nanomaterials that can be produce with different methods such as chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Growing of CNTs via CVD method can be influenced by several operating parameters that can affect their quality and quantity. In this article, the effects of inlet gas mixture temperature on CNT’s local growth rate, total production, and le...

We discuss the use of fixed and random effects models in the context of educational research and set out the assumptions behind the two modelling approaches. To illustrate the issues that should be considered when choosing between these approaches, we analyse the determinants of pupil achievement in primary school, using data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. We conclude...

An alternative to the classical mixedmodel with normal random effects is to use a Dirichlet process to model the random effects. Such models have proven useful in practice, and we have observed a noticeable variance reduction, in the estimation of the fixed effects, when the Dirichlet process is used instead of the normal. In this paper we formalize this notion, and give a theoretical justifica...

In this paper I discuss economic processes that may give rise to spatial patterns in data, and explore the relative merits of alternative modeling approaches when data are spatially correlated. Specifically, I present an estimation scheme that allows for spatial random effects, and focus attention on cases in which such a framework may be preferred to the more general fixed effects framework th...

A theoretical solution is presented for the forced convection heat transfer of a viscoelastic fluid obeying the Giesekus constitutive equation in a concentric annulus under steady state, laminar, and purely tangential flow. A relative rotational motion exists between the inner and the outer cylinders, which induces the flow. A constant temperature was set in both cylinders, in this study. The f...

owing to elastic and viscous characteristics embedded rubber compounds, the dissipated energy from periodic deformation is converted into heat generation and consequently, the tire may have different body temperatures for different operating conditions. in most performed investigations, just temperature distribution is considered and the mechanical behaviour of rubber parts which are highly tem...