A central tenet of economics is that individuals respond to incentives. For psychologists and sociologists, in contrast, rewards and punishments are often counterproductive, because they undermine “intrinsic motivation”. We reconcile these two views, showing how performance incentives offered by an informed principal (manager, teacher, parent) can adversely impact an agent’s (worker, child) per...

undermines Dame Black’s central tenet. If getting clients back to work is to succeed the work has to be good or else it results in further dysfunction and ill health. The challenge of her work requires a revolution of workplace culture to humanise the workplace without compromising its viability. This editorial reinforces my experience in general practice that change will not be achieved by ind...

Major histocompatibility class I (MHCI) molecules are well known for their immunological role in mediating tissue graft rejection. Recently, these molecules were discovered to be expressed in distinct neuronal subclasses, dispelling the long-held tenet that the uninjured brain is immune-privileged. Here, we show that MHCI molecules are expressed in the main olfactory bulb (MOB) of adult animals...

Introduction Enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) have been used to quantitate a wide range of compounds and pathogens for almost 40 years. Initially radioactivity was used to quantitate the assays, but radioimmunoassays (RIA) have been replaced with assays utilizing enzymes to obtain colorimetric results. Recently new substrates have been developed to produce fluorescent and luminescent ...

A primary tenet underlying American Sign Language/English bilingual education for deaf students is that early access to a visual language, developed in conjunction with language planning principles, provides a foundation for literacy in English. The goal of this study is to obtain an emic perspective on bilingual deaf readers transitioning from learning to read to reading to learn. Analysis of ...

The relationship between cognition and emotion has been one of major stumbling blocks in defining the concept of emotion. We argue that a unified model of cognition and emotion based on interactionist epistemology would allow to unambiguously define emotion and thus facilitate research in affective aspects of speech communication. The main tenet of the model is that cognition itself includes th...

The central tenet of effective theory is that the details of short-distance physics will not have a significant impact on low-energy observables. Here we perform an analysis of electrondeuteron scattering at low momentum transfers which is based on effective field theory. We show that in our approach the deuteron electromagnetic form factors FC and FM indeed are largely insensitive to the short...

Perceptual Control Theory (PCT) is a general psychological theory based on the tenet, &&All behaviour is the control of perception''. Layered Protocol Theory (LPT) can be seen as PCT applied to the special case of communication between cooperating partners, both controlling their own perceptions. PCT and LPT can be applied to the design and analysis of human}machine interfaces, although LPT may...

A central tenet of organizational justice theory is that people prefer decisions to be made with higher than with lower procedural fairness. The results of five studies unearthed a boundary condition for this general tendency. People who experienced non-contingent success had less of a desire to be treated with higher procedural fairness relative to their counterparts who experienced contingent...

Community-Based Rehabilitation (CBR) and empowerment are critical issues in contemporary discourse within both development studies and disability studies. These issues have long been fraught with controversy, yet there remains little understanding of how CBR and empowerment interrelate, not only within programmes but also in a normative sense. There is even less understanding of what the outcom...