Murine Th1 and Th2 subsets differ not only in the lymphokines they produce, but also functionally. It is not clear what factors influence the preferential activation of one subset versus the other and what regulatory interactions exist between them. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of lymphokines produced by clones of Th1 cells (IL-2 and IFN-gamma), Th2 cells (IL-4), and APC ...

Proper induction of Th1 immunity is required for effective immunotherapy of bladder cancer with the bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG). Interleukin-10 (IL-10) downregulates the Th1 immune response and is associated with BCG therapy failure. We evaluated BCG plus IL-10 blocking antibodies and found that this combination therapy induces enhanced Th1 immune responses and anti-bladder cancer immunity i...

We recently demonstrated by in vitro experiments that PLGA (poly D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) potentiates T helper 1 (Th1) immune responses induced by a peptide derived from the recombinant major outer membrane protein (rMOMP) of Chlamydia trachomatis, and may be a promising vaccine delivery system. Herein we evaluated the immune-potentiating potential of PLGA by encapsulating the full-length rMO...

In general, gamma interferon (IFN-gamma)-producing CD4(+) Th1 cells are important for the immunological control of intracellular pathogens. We previously demonstrated an association between parasite-specific induction of IFN-gamma responses and resistance to the intracellular protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi. To investigate a potential causal relationship between Th1 responses and T. cruzi resistanc...

Emerging evidence suggests that the peripheral immune system has an active role in the progression of Parkinson's disease (PD). The finding of T‑helper (Th; CD4+) cells infiltrating into the substantia nigra in PD patients demonstrated that Th cells are involved in PD. However, the association between peripheral T‑helper cell sub‑sets (Th1, Th2, Treg and Th17) and the sub‑set balance (Th1/Th2 a...

In several murine models of autoimmune arthritis, Th17 cells are the dominant initiators of inflammation. In human arthritis the majority of IL-17-secreting cells within the joint express a cytokine phenotype intermediate between Th17 and Th1. Here we show that Th17/1 cells from the joints of children with inflammatory arthritis express high levels of both Th17 and Th1 lineage-specific transcri...

Background Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease that results in the destruction of bone and cartilage joints [1] .The imbalance between Th17 Treg cells has been demonstrated to play role RA pathogenesis [2]. With advances field, curing even preventing become new direction efforts. To explore immune characteristics multi-staging helpful for development accurate ...

Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) that contain unmethylated CpG motifs (CpG ODN) induce macrophages to secrete IL-12, which induces interferon (IFN)-gamma secretion by natural killer (NK) cells. Since these cytokines can induce T helper 1 (Th1) differentiation, we examined the effects of coadministered CpG ODN on the differentiation of Th responses to hen egg lysozyme (HEL). In both BALB/c ...

We have shown recently that mouse Th1 cells but not Th2 cells are selectively recruited into inflamed sites of a delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction of the skin. This migration was blocked by monoclonal antibodies (mAb) against P- and E-selectin. Here we show that Th1 cells bind to P-selectin via the P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1). This is the only glycoprotein ligand that w...