The scandal of medical witnesses being retained on opposite sides in courts of law and crivin" what looks like partisan evidence is often the subject of remark and sneer, and it is mooted that if medical men cited as witnesses by opposing litigants were to meet in consultation before thecase came into court and were to arrive at some sort of agreement regarding the fact and the opinion founded ...

The paper discusses the changing profile of the “judge” as a centre of nearly every legal culture in history. In the pre-modern eras the identity or distances between kings, priests and judges are decisive as indicators of the political model. Since the late 18th century the judge in European countries gets more and more a profile as an independent third function in the modern constitutional mo...

This chapter surveys the economic literature on judicial appeals and collegiality of courts. More general issues concerning judicial administration and court organization are surveyed in a companion chapter. JEL classification: K4

Polygraph test results are by and large ruled inadmissible evidence in criminal courts in the US, Canada, and Israel. This is well-conceived with regard to the dominant technique of polygraph interrogation, known as the Control Question Technique (CQT), because it indeed does not meet the required standards for admissible scientific evidence. However, a lesser known and rarely practiced techniq...