qasāma is one of the proofs for homicide, which will be reliable in case of the existence of lawth (strong suspicion). there are two major views on how it is implemented. in sum, the first view deems as necessary swearing fifty oaths by fifty people; however the second view deems as sufficient swearing of fifty oaths by the claimant for proving the crime. the second view is a generally accepted...

In the Netherlands, the legal possibilities for post-custodial supervision have been extended considerably in recent years. A currently passed law aims to further increase these possibilities specifically for dangerous (sex) offenders. This law consists of three separate parts that may all result in lifelong supervision. In the first two parts, the supervision is embedded in the conditional rel...

positivism is an empirical approach for understanding of human communication and phenomena, which raised firstly french famous thinker “august comte”. human and social sciences were under domination of positive thought for a long time. in criminal law inter alia italian famous thinkers sought to analyses the crime problem with a positive approach. however, some of their point of view such as bo...

The growth in income inequality over the last 25 years was tracked by the growth in prison and jail incarceration rates. We report age-specific incarceration rates by education, race and ethnicity and relate these to the growing dispersion of men’s incomes. We then review research linking the growth in the penal system to rising inequality. Some researchers trace rising inequality to rising cri...