One of the hallmarks of human intelligence is the ability to go beyond literal meanings of utterances to infer speakers’ intended meanings, a feat that remains elusive to the most advanced artificial systems. Figurative language such as metaphor, in particular, provides a striking case where complex meanings arise that cannot be derived from the literal semantics alone. For example, My lawyer i...

sassanian pahlavi and manichaean middle persian pre/postpositions cover a relatively vast spectrum of meanings. by reference to the different components of the sentence, they act as determining factors for their grammatical roles. despite the fact that some pre/postpositions partly overlap others' in meanings, they mostly maintain the subtleties of their own specific significations. this a...

This study aims to analyze the use of metaphorical language in fable Al-Dīku Al-Żarīfu by Kamil Kailani. The method used this research is descriptive analytic with a qualitative approach. Data obtained through literature and recording techniques. analysis was carried out using equivalent technique between metaphors their meanings as well results show that story Kailani uses various kinds styles...

We present a sketch of a formulation of an analysis of clarification ellipsis using dependent record types as they have been developed in Martin-Löf type theory. Record types provide a semantic formalism which at the same time as containing the normal paraphernalia of semantics (functions, binding, quantification) also have strong similarities to typed feature structures as used in HPSG. We arg...